PSY 211 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Current Lecture I. Lobes of the Brian II. Principles of Neural OrganizationIII. Lesion MethodsIV. Neuroimaging Current LectureLobes of the BrainCentral Fissure is the line that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe, and the lateral fissure is the line that separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.- Frontal Lopecontains the primary motor cortex which is associated with movement. Also, planning, abstract thought, and social skills are controlled in this area of the brain.- Parietal Lobe contains the somatosensory cortex which is associated with touch. Also, it is where spatial processing, attention, and action occur. - Occipital Lobe is mainly for vision. - Temporal Lobe is known for hearing, language, object vision, and memory. Object vision is to be able to recognize what an object is. Principles of Neural OrganizationNeural Localization is what parts of the brain do particular functions. Ex. loveCortical Areas:- Brodmann’s Cytoarchitectonics is that different parts of the brain have different cell structures. Brodmann took microscopic samples of different parts of the brain and found this information. If the brain has different cells structure throughout the brain than it is known that different parts of the brain have different functions.- Flechsig’s Order of Myelination shows the brain with myelinated cells, and it is organized by the cells that are first myelinated. Cortical Maps:The Sensory and Motor Projection AreasThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Sensory and motor homunculi reveal an important function of the brain: the “mapping” of the external world into neuro-cognitive representations.Retinotopic Mappingshows how stimulushas processed in retinotopic (point-to point) fashionFlow of Information- Luria’s Hierarchal Model of Information Flow o Information is sent to the Sensory Unit goes from the primary which is the basic features, to the secondary which is the combined features, and then to Teriary or Association which is the integration with other modalities. o The association area goes to the Motor Unitwithin the motor unit the informationis sent to executive functions, to pre-motor, and to motor.o In basic terms information is sent from the sensory area to the motor area to be acted on.- Felleman and van Essen’s Parallel Disturbed Hierarchieso Cortical Hierarchies have levels.o Parallel or Distributed Hierarchies are like a circuit diagram. Lesion Methods- The Lesion Method refers to the use of brain damaged patients to understand functions of an area. If a patient cannot perform a task, the damaged area is assume to play a role in normal performances of that task.o Apraxia- disorder of movement and actiono Aphasia- disorder of speech, there is different types of aphasiao Agnosia- disorder of object recognitiono Prosopagnosia- disorder of facial recognition o Spatial Neglect- disorder of attentiono Amnesia- disorder of memory- Split-brain patientso This occurs when you cut the Corpus Collosum in half, it is to help patients who have severe epilepsy. - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) disrupts neural activity, producing a “reversible lesion” - Electrophysiology (“Brain Waves”) measures the brain’s electrical activity, and is typically recorded at the surface of the brain. It has good temporal resolution, and poor spatial resolution meaning you don’t know where the electrical activity is coming from. - Event-Related Potentials (ERP) is the average of the EEGs over many trial periods.Neuroimaging- Structuralo X-rays and CAT scanso Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- Functionalo Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)o Positron Emission