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UIUC PSYC 455 - Definition of Organizational Psychology

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PSYC 455 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture II. What is Organizational Psychology?A. Definition of Organizational Psychology III. Levels of AnalysisIV. What is Organizational Behavior? A. Definition of Big OV. Formal vs. Informal OrganizationVI. What is Science? A. Four Ways of Knowing B. Scientific MethodVII. History of Organizational PsychologyVIII. Scientist Practitioner ModelCurrent Lecture- Definition of Organizational PsychologyThe scientific study of individual and group behavior in formal organizational settings. - Levels of Analysis Organizations < - > Groups < - > IndividualsExamples of concepts at different levels: - Organizational: policies, culture/climate, structure, strategy, stock price - Group: Norms, communication, collaboration, team motivation, group morale - Individual: satisfaction, job performance, motivation, turnover intentions Individuals are nested within groups and groups are nested within organizations. One level can influence another. - Group norms influence individual behavior - Individual behaviors aggregate to produce group/team performanceAttitude and behavior can reside at all 3 levels although they may have different causes and consequences across levels.Organization-Level Absenteeism <-> Group-Level Absenteeism <-> Individual-Level AbsenteeismThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Concept Caused ByIndividual Absence Sick child at homeGroup Absence Group-level absence at homeOrganizational Absence Corporate culture/climate- But….groups don’t really behave, individuals do.- Are different levels of absenteeism really different concepts? Or - Is it really all individual-level absence, with different levels of causes/antecedents?- What levels of analysis does Organizational Psychology miss? - An important disciplinary difference between Org. Psych (psych depts) and Org. Behavior (typically housed in B-schools)- Brain Teaser:- Ecological Fallacy: incorrectly generalizing from the group-level to the individual-levelof analysis. - What is true for groups is not necessarily true for individuals. - Direction of a correlation (+ or -) can change when we move from the individual levelto the group level - Ecological Fallacy: Ex) Correlation between immigrant status and literacy in 1930 (Robinson 1950). (r.individual level=.11;r.state-level=.46)Ex) Correlation between exercise and probability of heart attack (r.betweenpersons=-;r.withinpersons=+)What is true for groups is not necessarily true for individual levels.- Levels of Analysis: Organization-Level Satisfaction <-> Group Satisfaction <-> Individual Job SatisfactionIsomorphism [Anthromorphism]- Isomorphism: the assumption that a concept has analogous meaning across levels (individual satisfaction, group satisfaction)- Anthropomorphism: treating something (e.g an entire group or organization) as though it has the properties of a single, sentient being (e.g group mind, team motivation, organization-level satisfaction)- The study of Organization Psychology is the study of the Levels of Analysis problem. (Most research is at the individual level)- Individual-Level Model:Individual Job Satisfaction  Individual Absenteeism- Group-Level Aggregated Model: Group Job Satisfaction (averaged)  Group Absenteeism (averaged)- Cross-level Model:Group Job Satisfaction (averaged) IndividualAbsenteeism- Contextual Effects Model:Group Job Satisfaction (averaged) Individual Job Satisfaction  Individual Absenteeism- What is Organizational Behavior (OB) ? What is the difference between Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior?- There is generally no difference (same professors, same research, same journals- The terms “OB” and “Organizational Psychology” can be used interchangeably. - Three Definitions of OB:- “Big B” org. behavior- “Contextualized B” org. behavior- “Big O” org behavior- Big B focuses on interesting behavior of individuals (goal setting, stress)- Contextualized B focuses on behavior in organizations (goal setting at work, stress at work)- Big O focuses on organizing (coordination, conformity, networks)- Big O Definition - Essence of an organization is patterned human behavior (Katz and Kahn, 1978)- What structures employees’ behavior?How did you know what you were supposed to do on your job?- How is behavior structured or patterned?Job descriptions (formalized individual roles in systems)Organizational policies (formalized expectations for groups)Emergent group values, norms, and expectations - If you were inventing a new field of research (or deciding which field to study in graduate school), would you want to study- Something new and unique OR- Something old that has just been relabeled?- Or both?- Big O is unique to Organizational Behavior, and is considered cutting-edge.- Most existing OB research is either Big B or Contextualized B; not really distinct from other areas of psychology. - Organizational Psychology: scientific study of individuals and group behavior in formal organizational settings. - Formal vs. Informal Organization- Formal organization – exists to fulfill some explicitly stated purpose.- Informal organization – purpose is less explicit (e.g not written)- OB research usually focuses on formal orgs, but sometimes gets insight from informal orgs (e.g status hierarchy, participation, altruism)- What is Science?- Four Major Ways of Knowing:- Authority: “this is true because an expert said so”- Common Sense: “this is true because most people have direct experience of it”- Reason and Logic: “conclusion is logically deduced from premises”- Science- Examples of Major Ways of Knowing- Authority: “I know I don’t have pet allergies because my doctor said so”- Common Sense: “The world is flat. Obviously, just look at it.”- Reason and Logic: “Men don’t cook. Frank is a man => Frank doesn’t cook. - Science- Scientific Method:- Define the Question & Concepts (using Theory and observation)- Develop Hypotheses (predictions, use logic)- Collect Data to Test Hypotheses- Revise Theory- Science is self-correctingTheory <-> Hypotheses <-> Data <-> Revised Theory- Definitions:- Theory: explanation for why variables are related- Hypothesis: prediction of relationship between 2 variables (+ or – relation)- Data: surveys,


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UIUC PSYC 455 - Definition of Organizational Psychology

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