NS 3310 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Past LectureII. Bile Synthesis in Liver III. Enterohepatic Circulation of BileIV. Clinical RelevanceV. PancreasVI. Absorptive ProcessesOutline of Current LectureI. Cholesterol Gallstone DiseaseII. Carbohydrates: Forms III. Carbohydrate DigestionCurrent LectureI. Cholesterol Gallstone Disease- Characterized by cholesterol precipitation in bile, increased bile and salt hydrophobicity and gallbladder inflammation- Key transcription factor is FXR, a protein that binds to specific DNA sequence and activates or represses gene transcription These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-In cholesterol gallstone disease, it binds to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid receptor and represses transcription of gene CYP7A1, which is a key limiting enzyme involved in bile synthesis-In order for FXR to work, it has to form a heterodimer with RXR; RXR has the same structure but it binds to retinoic acid from vitamin A- If bile salts and phosphocholine in balance with cholesterol, cholesterol solubilized in bile, but if unbalanced, cholesterol precipitated in bileII. Carbohydrates: Forms- Simple carbohydrates:-Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose-Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose- Complex carbohydrates:-Oligosaccharides: raffinose, stachyoses, verbascose-Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose- Starch has two forms: amylose and amylopectin-Amylose is a linear chain of glucose bounded together by alpha- 1, 4 glycosidic bonds-Amylopectin consists of glucose branched together in a highly branched arrangement; has both alpha 1, 4 and alpha 1, 6 glycosidic bonds- Glycogen is a highly branched arrangement consisting of both alpha-1, 4 and 1, 6 glycosidic bonds. The highly branched structure makes it so that many glucose can be released simultaneously III. Carbohydrate Digestion- Polysaccharides-Digested somewhat by salivary alpha-amylase in the mouth-Pancreatic alpha-amylase in the small intestine is primary source of digestion-There are resistant starches, which cannot be digested by enzymes- Disaccharides-Digested primarily in microvilli of