BIOL 101 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture The Cellular Level of OrganizationThe Cell TheoryCell SizeMicroscopes Light ElectronCell TypesProkaryotic Cells Outline of Current Lecture The Cellular Level of OrganizationThe Cell TheoryCell SizeMicroscopes Light ElectronCell TypesProkaryotic Cells Capsule (some)Cell Wall (different)Plasma MembraneCytoplasmNo OrganellesNucleoid (No Nucleus)Naked DNA (no chromosomes)PlasmidsRibosomes (smaller)Thylakoids (some)Flagella (some, different structure/mechanism)Eukaryotic CellsCytoplasmOrganelles and Other StructuresNucleusDNA/ChromosomesNuclear EnvelopeNucleolusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.RibosomesEndoplasmic Reticulum (ER)RoughSmoothGolgi Apparatuscis/trans FaceTransport VesiclesLysosomesVacuolesChloroplastsThylakoid MembranesStromaMitochondriaMatrixPeroxisomesThe CytoskeletonMicrofilamentsMicrotubulesTubulinCilia and FlagellaCurrent LectureShorter produces the best wavelength of light for a light microscope. An electron microscope uses electrons to produce greater revolution. Prokaryotic cells are small and simple. Bacteria= the cell wall has peptidoglycan. All cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a cell wall. A nucleoid is a cell without a nucleus. The cell has “naked DNA” meaning no chromosomes. Have smaller ribosomes. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex. They are compartmentalized because so much activity is going on inside the cell. An assembly line and extremely efficient. Nucleus- contains DNA/ Chromosomes (manufactures proteins), nuclear envelope (separates nucleus from cytoplasm), nuclear membrane (lipid bilayer), nuclear lamina (scaffolding, keeps shape) and nucleolus. NOT always central. The endomembrane system- regulates proteins and preforms metabolic processes: nuclear envelopeRough Endoplasmic Reticulum- has ribosomes, a network on the cytoplasm (makes it rough). Secrets glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbs)Smooth ER- synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium (in the muscles for muscle contractions, sarcoplasmic reticulum). Detoxifies drugs and poisons. Golgi apparatus- flattened membrane called cisternae. Sorting and shipping. Receiving side (cis phase) sorting side, then the transport side (trans phase). Modifies products of the ER. Ribosomes- manufactured in the nucleolus, made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Free ribosomes= in the cytosol. Bound ribosomes= on the outside of the ER of the nuclear envelope.Divided into a Small subunit and large subunit. Lysosome- membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (breakdown molecules using water, digestion). Lipase, protease, nuclease. These enzymes work best at pH 4.8, acidic= this is why compartments within a cell are important. Responsible for programmed cell death (PCD). ase = enzyme. Lysosomes digest bacteria, worn-out organelles and damaged plasma membranes. Look at figure 6.13 in book for a good picture. Tay Sachs is a fatal genetic disease associated with lysosome malfunction. Causes a build up of toxic lipid byproducts from the brain due to an missing lysosomal enzyme. Peroxisomes-break down and oxidize fatty acids, produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and converts it to water (H2O). Lorenzo’s Oil is a proxisomal dysfunction. Cytoskeleton- network of fibers supporting the structure of the cell. Microtubules (thickest and biggest, made from the protein tubulin)- make up cilia and flagella. Microfilaments- actin filaments (smallest, hallow) and intermediate filaments (fibrous proteins coiled into