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UT Arlington BIOL 2457 - Endoscopy

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BIOL 2457 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last LectureI. Metabolism and Responsiveness Current Lecture I. Common Directional Terms II. Proximala. Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunkIII. Distala. Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunkIV. Laterala. Farther from the midlineV. Mediala. Nearer to the midlineVI. Planes and Sections VII. Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body partsa. Sagittal plane i. A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides1. Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides2. Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sidesVIII. Planes and Sections IX. Frontal or coronal planea. Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portionsX. Transverse plane a. Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portionsb. Also called cross-sectional or horizontal planeXI. Planes and SectionsXII. Oblique planea. Passes through the body or an organ at an anglei. Between transverse and sagittal planesii. Between transverse and frontal planesXIII. Sectionsa. Cut of the body made along a planeXIV. Body CavitiesXV. Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, a. & Support internal organsb. Cranial cavityc. Thoracic cavityd. Abdominopelvic cavityXVI. Body Cavities XVII. Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal XVIII. Cranial cavitya. Formed by the cranial bonesb. Protects the brainXIX. Vertebral canal a. Formed by bones of vertebral columnb. Contains the spinal cord XX. Meningesa. Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity & vertebral canalXXI. Thoracic CavityXXII. Also called the chest cavityXXIII. Formed bya. Ribsb. Muscles of the chestc. Sternum (breastbone)d. Vertebral column (thoracic portion)XXIV. Thoracic CavityXXV. Within the thoracic cavitya. Pericardial cavityi. Fluid-filled space that surrounds the heartb. Pleural cavityi. Two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lungXXVI. Thoracic CavityXXVII. Mediastinuma. Central part of the thoracic cavityb. Locationi. Between lungsii. From the sternum to the vertebral column iii. From the first rib to the diaphragm1. Diaphragm a. Dome shaped muscle b. Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavityXXVIII. MediastinumXXIX. Abdominopelvic CavityXXX. Extends from the diaphragm to the groinXXXI. Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvisXXXII. Divided into two portions:a. Abdominal cavityi. Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestinesb. Pelvic cavityi. Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestineXXXIII. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity MembranesXXXIV. Serous Membranea. A thin, slippery, double-layered membrane b. Covers viscera of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomenc. Parts of the serous membrane:i. Parietal layer1. Lines the wall of the cavitiesii. Visceral layer1. Covers the viscera within the cavitiesXXXV. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity MembranesXXXVI. Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity MembranesXXXVII. Pleuraa. Serous membrane of the pleural cavitiesi. Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungsii. Parietal pleura lines the chest wallXXXVIII. Pericardiuma. Serous membrane of the pericardial cavityi. Visceral pericardium covers the heartii. Parietal pericardium lines the chest wallXXXIX. Peritoneuma. Serous membrane of the abdominal cavityi. Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavityii. Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wallXL. Other CavitiesXLI. Oral (mouth) cavitya. Contains the tongue and teethXLII. Nasal cavitya. NoseXLIII. Orbital cavitiesa. Contain the eyeballsXLIV. Middle ear cavitiesa. Contain the small bones of the middle earXLV. Synovial cavitiesa. Found in freely moveable jointsXLVI. Abdominopelvic RegionsXLVII. Abdominopelvic Regionsa. Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organsi. Tic-Tac-Toe gridii. Two horizontal and two vertical lines partition the cavity1. Subcostal line (top horizontal)a. Inferior to rib cage2. Transtubercular line (bottom horizontal)a. Inferior to top of the hip bone3. Midclavicular lines (two vertical lines)a. Midpoint to clavicles and medial to the nipplesXLVIII. Abdominopelvic RegionsXLIX. Quadrants L. Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicusa. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) b. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)c. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)d. Left lower quadrants (LLQ)LI. Nine Abdominopelvic Regions LII. Right and left hypochondriacLIII. Epigastric and Hypogastric (pubic)LIV. Right and left lumbarLV. Right and left inguinal (iliac)LVI. UmbilicalLVII. Medical ImagingLVIII. Techniques and procedures used to create images of the human bodya. Allow visualization of structures inside the bodyb. Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disordersc. Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940’sLIX. RadiographyLX. X-rays a. produce image of interior structuresb. Inexpensive and quickc. Hollow structures appear black or grayd. Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone)i. At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast)1. Mammography (breast)2. Bone densitometry (bone density)LXI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)LXII. High energy magnetic field a. Protons in body fluid align with fieldLXIII. Color image on a video monitora. 2D and 3D blueprintLXIV. Relatively safe procedurea. Not used on patients containing metalLXV. Used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissuesa. Tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flowb. Computed TomographyLXVI. Computer-Assisted radiography (CT-Scan)a. 3-D structuresb. Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiographyc. Tissue intensities show varying degrees of grayd. Whole-body CT scani. Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery diseaseLXVII. Ultrasound ScanningLXVIII. Ultrasound Scanninga. High frequency sound wavesi. Sonogramii. Noninvasive, painless, no dyesiii. Pregnancy (fetus)LXIX. Radionuclide ScanningLXX. Radionuclide Scanningi. Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenouslyii. Gamma rays detected by cameraiii. Radionuclide image displays on video monitoriv. Color intensity represents uptake1. Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT)a. Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liverLXXI. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)LXXII. Positron (positively charged particles) emitting substance injected into the bodya. Collision between


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