BIOH 370 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System(hormones)A. Feedback Loops II. Endocrine Glandsa. Where in bodyIII. Classification of Hormonesa. Circulatory Hormonesb. Local Hormonesi. Paracrinesii. AutocrinesIV. Hormone ActivityV. Negative/ Positive Feedback LoopsVI. Lipid-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble HormonesOutline of Current Lecture I. Water-Soluble Hormones continuedII. Hormone Chart:III.Hypothalamus and Pituitary1. Anterior Pituitary:2. Posterior Pituitary: IV.AcromegalyV.Case study of Acromegaly:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureEndocrine System Cont…I. Water-Soluble Hormones cont.a. Water soluble hormones bind to PM receptors on target cells to induce G-proteinsignaling Study:i. Aminesii. Peptidesiii. Proteinsiv. Eicosanoidsb. Receptor activates G-protein(adenylate cyclase)----enzyme(ATP-cAMP)-----Phosphorylationevents----Kinases activated---transport protein to another thento another,etc.------many starttranscription factosc. Many receptors participate in G-protein signalingII. Hormone Chart:W/L next to hormones stands for Water-Soluble or Lipid-Soluble **Need to memorizeActivated protein kinases phosphorylatecellular proteins4Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP6Activated adenylatecyclase convertsATP to cAMP2Second messengerBinding of hormone (first messenger) to its receptor activates G protein, which activates adenylate cyclase1Adenylate cyclaseWater-solublehormoneReceptorG proteinATPcAMPProtein kinasesActivatedproteinkinasescAMP serves as asecond messengerto activate proteinkinases3Protein ATPADPProtein - P Millions of phosphorylatedproteins cause reactions thatproduce physiological responses5Blood capillaryTarget cellwwwwwwLLIII. Hypothalamus and Pituitaryi. Contains a thick “fish-net” like capillaries/blood vessels over pituitary so hormones can enter blood easilyii. Anterior and Posterior parts of Pituitaryiii. Need to know hormones, who makes it, and what it does to its target cell/organ1. Anterior Pituitary:i. Secretes 7 hormones produced by 5 different cell typesii. Hypothalamus and anterior pit. Gland release of hormones is controlled by hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormonesiii. High stress=increase in cortisol production= pack on weight because body tries to keep whatever nutrients (including fats) as possible to “store” it for when needed later oniv.v.vi. hGH can be induced by GHRH or inhibited by GHIH(shown in figure below)Green Pathway:a. Induce pathway=glycogen to glucose increase. b. Occurs when a person is “hangry”- brain isbiggest user of glucose- when low on glucose hangry/confusion can occur- why diabetics=confusionsometimesRed Pathway:a. Inhibit pathway=decrease rate of glycogenbreakdownTarget tissues of anterior pituitary gland hormones:2. Posterior Pituitary: The posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize any hormones, but stores and releases from axon terminals two hormones produced by the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus: oxytocin (OT) and anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).Axons from the neurosecretory cells form the hypothalamohypophyseal tract.- ADH signals to retain water and control blood pressurevia negative feedback(reversal of original stimulus to regain homeostasis) - Alcohol= antidiuretic hormone effected-turns it off= pee a lot because much more water added to urine=why get dehydrated- Lower blood pressure= lower blood volumeIV. Acromegaly: a. Acromegaly due to a tumor in the anterior pituitary glandb. Increase growth hormone, increase IGF c. Growth Hormone and IGF increase breakdown of glycogen= uncontrolled hyperglycemia so tissues can’t get enough glucose= diabetesmellitus- not compliant with insulin and metformin medsd. Vision loss=because of tissue damage because couldn’t get theglucose needede. Increase in size in face, hands, and feetf. Urinate moreg. Voice changesh. Increase appetite and thirstV. Case study of Acromegaly: Macroadenoma of pituitary gland with diameter 2.3x3.5x6.6 cm3 that filled sella tursica, enlarge into suprasella, genu of corpus collosum, and invade third
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