BZ 1101st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells a. Information/Command center of cellsb. Cytomembrane systemc. Golgi apparatusd. Lysosomese. Organelles that contain their own DNAf. Endosymbiont theoryg. Cytoskeletonh. Cilia and Flagella movementOutline of Current Lecture II. Organelles of eukaryotic cells continuedA. VaultsIII. Tissuesa. Tissue typesIV. MethodsofGeneRegulation at theTranslationalLevelV. IntroductiontoMutationsVI. Chapter 3: cell division and inheritanceVII. Eukaryotic cell cycle and mitososCurrent LectureII. Organelles of eukaryotic cells continued:- Vaults: A newly discovered organelle, cytoplasmic ribonuclease proteino Every eukaryotic cell has about 3000 of theseo Located close to the nucleuso Called vaults because they resemble vaulted ceilingo They have octagonal shapeo When we look at nuclear membrane, there are nuclear pours that are shaped octagonal as well. May be associated with transport of messenger RNA molecules Messenger RNA molecules are transcribed in the nucleus from DNA and the massager RNA molecules then leave the nucleus then to go the cytoplasm and associate with ribosomes.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. 2.8 Tissues- A group of similar cells specialized for the performance of a common function- Histology: study of tissues- Do all animals have tissues? No sponges don’t have tissues, they are multiple cellular organisms- Majority of animals are triploblastico Triploblastic: three germ layers that give rise to all the tissues in the body of an animal Ectoderm Mesoderm Endodermo Diploblastic: only have two germ layers. Ectoderm Endodermo Jelly fishes are Nedarions: have true tissues but only have two germ layersA. Tissue types:- Epithelial tissue: consists of sheets of cells with surface specialization related to function. o outer layer usually (ex. Epidermis, outer layer of skin)o Consists of sheets of cells with surface specializations related to functionso Absorbs, transports, excretes, protects- Connective tissue: consists of fibers (or cells) that are embedded or suspended in an extracellular matrix.o Sometimes the extracellular matrix is hard/solido Supports and bindso Most diverse tissue that is found in our bodies, and the bodies of animals Ex: adipose tissue, blood, bone, cartelige- Nervous tissue: receive information and conduct pules to other parts with the bodyo Consists of : neurons, neuroglia/glial cellso Neuroglia: support and protect neurons, sometimes provide nutrition to neurons, sometimes removing debris from the neurons- Muscle Tissue:o Allow for movemento Includes three types: Skeletal: voluntary muscle tissues, allows for movement of body Smooth: visceral muscle, associated with internal organs- Ex: movement of food through the digestive tract cardiac muscle- Cardiac muscle only found in the vertebrate heartChapter 3: Cell division and inheritance- Eukaryotic chromosomes: o Karyotype: is a display of chromosomeso Homologous pairs: pairs of chromosomeso DNA: is a genetic material and exists with protein in the form of chromosomes in eukaryotico Chromosomes are liner structureso Chromatin:During much of the life of a cell chromosomes are in a dispersed  Chromatin consists of DNA and histone proteins 5 different histone proteino Not all chromatin is equally active in every cell of the body Heterochromatic regions: inactive regions Euchromatic regions: active regions Same DNA in all cells but not every piece of DNA is expressed in each cello During cell division, chromosomes exist in a condensed stateo Autosomes: all other chromosomes other than sex chromosomeso Sex Chromosomes: XY, determine sex determinationo XO system of sex determination: females have 2 X chromosomes, makes have a single X Occurs in some bugs and incetso XY system of sex determination: females have 2 X chromosomes, Males have an X and a Y most animals have this system of sex determinationo Birds have a ZW system of determination: Females have a Z and a W, males have two Z’s Image of a gynandromorphy chicken, which possessed both male and female chromosomeso Temperature- dependent sex determination: the temperature of the egg determines the sex of the offspring Seen in crocodilian and turtle speciesEukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis:- Cell spends the majority of its life in interphase- Repeated myopic cell division is what keeps us