PSY-P 211 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. “Almost Identical” Experiment a. Explanationb. Concepts in the Experiment c. Analysis II. Variables in an Experiment a. Independent Variable b. Dependent Variable c. Confounding Variables III. Clinical Psychology IV. Potentially Harmful Therapies (PHT’s) a. Empirically Supported Treatments b. Identifying PHT’s V. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT’s) Outline of Current Lecture I. Importance of research in Psychology II. Randomized Control Trials III. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder IV. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureA good clinical psychologist, counselor, therapist etc. knows the research and process behind how things work in psychology. Examples of failed treatments and programs without RESEARCH - “Scared Straight” Programs - D.A.R.E. Program - Phrenology - Lobotomy - MesmerismRANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIALS (RCT’s) - Tests causality - Randomized Subjects o Control Group o Treatment Group - Double Blind Study - Placebo Effect - Costly People being studied are randomly allocated one or other of the different treatments under study. After randomization groups followed in exactly the same way, only difference in the care they receive. Minimizes allocated bias, balancing both known and unknown prognostic factors in assignment of treatment. Two randomization processes -Randomization procedure to generate an unpredictable sequence of allocations.- Allocation concealment precaution taken to ensure that the assignment is controlled. POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)Anxiety disorder that is a result of traumatic events Symptoms- Flashbacks, nightmares, phobias, increased arousal Symptoms must last more than one month There must be impairment of social or occupational function COMPARING FOUR METHODS OF PTSD TREATMENT Exposure Therapy: Exposed to stimulus of, or related to, the event and debrief and talk about it Cognitive Restructuring: Logical thinking without exposure to stimulus Relaxation: Listening to relaxing tapes as “homework” Exposure along with Cognitive Restructuring: Not much of a difference than each treatment separately CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS DEBRIEFING (CISD/CISM) Talking about the event without criticism (within 72 hours) Peer driven – Typically first responders and groups Discussion of symptoms since the event Assurance that symptoms are normal Patients report that it is