BIOB 272 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Intro to EvoluitonA. Define Biological EvolutionB. Evolution misconceptions II. Evolution Case Study: Whales Evolutiona.Whale synapomorphies and homologous features to other cetaceansb.Whale Fossil Timelinec.Evidence of Fossil Evolution of WhalesOutline of Current Lecture:History of EvolutionI. ScalaNaturae (ladder of nature)A. Aristotle Thought1. Theory of Special Creation2. Species as Fixed Typesa. Carolus Linnaeus3. Enlightenment and Romantic Periodsa. Georges Buffon ideasb. Fossils-Georges Cuvierc. Jean Bapiste-earliest evolutionistd. Geologists to recognize gradual changei. James Huttonii. William Smith4. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) a. Charles Lyellb. Alfred Russel Wallace ideas5. Evolution=Descent with Modificationa. Examples of Species change through time:i. Beak length in Soapberry Bugsii. Vestigial limbs in contemporary whaleiii. Facultative bipedal to bipedal in apes/humans (transitional forms)b. Examples showing that all species are derived from common ancestors:i. Darwin’s phylogeny treeii. Homologyiii. Genome DNA sequenceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iv. Genetic CodeCurrent LectureHistory of EvolutionI. ScalaNaturae (ladder of nature)B. Aristotle Thought- believed that all things were created “for the sake of man”Shown in the ladder of nature with plants at bottom, then animals, then humans at the topII. Theory of Special Creation1. Species do not change2. Species were created independently3. Species were created recently*all of these are testable hypothesesIII. Species as Fixed Typesa. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)i. One of the first men that wanted to describe every species and try to group them (i.e. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom)IV. Enlightenment and Romantic Periods- first thoughts of evolutiona. Georges-Louis Buffon ideas: i. Believed that Earth was 70,000 years old=much older than was ever thoughtii. Earth was formed according to laws of Physics and Chemistryiii. Life emerged as distinct types-Transformed when environment changed(populations change over time)iv. Species arise as distinct entitiesv. Diverse environments give rise to new varietiesb. **Fossils-Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) -Exctinctioni. suggests that not all species are recently createdii. suggest species can go extinctiii. suggests that species may changec. Jean Bapiste-earliest evolutionisti. Species evolve through natural processesii. Life constantly generatediii. Adaptation through inheritance of acquired changes(not necessarily true)-idea rejected by Cuvieriv. 1st to argue gradual changed. Geologists to recognize gradual changei. James Huttona. Earth transformed graduallyb. Earth is REALLY oldii. William Smitha. First geological mapb. Look at Earth’s rock layers- deeper layers=olderV. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) i. First went to Medical School in Edinburgh, but preferred to study natureii. Trained to become Clergyman at Cambridgeiii. Invited to serve as unofficial naturalist for HMS Beagle in 1831a. Went on voyage for curiosity, not money (already wealthy)b. On voyage took NUMEROUS observations of species, nature, etc.iv. Drew first phylogeny knownb. Charles Lyell (geologist, 1830)-Darwin’s influencei. Principle of geologyii. Uniformitarianism: forces that acted in the past are similar to forces acting in the presentiii. Forces that shape Earth: erosion, sedimentation, volcanism, earthquakec. Alfred Russel Wallace ideas= similar to Darwin’si. Grew up poor so did more work instead of “thinking” like Darwin didii. Common Ancestry and Natural Selection were both ideas he had- he sent them to a letter to Darwin presented at Linnaean Society in 1858- published letters jointlyiii. Darwin received more credit for work because had more academic work/argument than LyellVI. Evolution=**Descent with Modificationa. Examples of Species change through time:i. Beak length in Soapberry Bugsa. FL native host plant= Balloon Vineb. These bugs feed by piercing fruit with beak seedsc. Flat-podded golden rain tree introduced to central FL in 1926; fruit thinner than Balloon Vine fruit, so Soapberry bugs in this area have evolved smaller beaksii. Vestigial limbs in contemporary whaleiii. Facultative bipedal to bipedal in apes/humans (transitional forms)a. Ardi (4.4 MYA): facultative bipedal= knuckle walking or walking on two legs only sometimes and not very wellb. Lucy (4.5MYA): bipedal= first fully walking on two legs human ancestor fossilb. Examples showing that all species are derived from common ancestors:i. Darwin’s phylogeny treea. First to think in terms of evolutionary trees (phylogenies)ii. Homology: similarity due to common descenta. Result of inheritance from common ancestorb. Appear in diverse species during embryogenesisiii. Genome DNA sequencea. Relect shared ancestry and descent with modification (substitution) iv. Genetic Codea. Most basic homologyb. All cellular organisms share the same languagec. Almost identical to all