PSY-P 211 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. “Almost Identical” Experiment a. Explanationb. Concepts in the Experiment c. Analysis II. Variables in an Experiment a. Independent Variable b. Dependent Variable c. Confounding Variables III. Clinical Psychology IV. Potentially Harmful Therapies (PHT’s) a. Empirically Supported Treatments b. Identifying PHT’s V. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT’s) Current Lecture“ALMOST IDENTICAL” EXPERIMENT South American Gum Company conducted an experiment challenging the stigma that gum chewers were sloppy, didn’t care about anything etc. Key Concepts to Experiments like this These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Challenged belief of stigma attached to chewing gum. -Made Synthetic Observation with identical twins, only difference was that one was chewing gum. -Relied on unbiased opinion with simple yes or no questions to random observers. Results were that many people favored the gum-chewing twin over the non gum-chewing twin. So what is wrong with this experiment? - There was inconsistent evidence because the non gum-chewing twin was just staring at participants, which alone can be off-putting. The fact that the mere act of gum chewing would stimulate facial activity making the person look more pleasant was not taken into account. VARIABLES IN AN EXPERIMENT Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated by the researcher Dependent Variable: The response that is measured Confounding Variables: A variable whose presence affects both dependent and independent variable CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Scientific and clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of psychology Manifesto for science of clinical psychology: - Must describe exact nature of the service - The claimed benefit of the service - Benefits must be scientifically validated - Negative effects ruled out POTENTIALLY HARMFUL THERAPIES (PHT’s) Empirically Supported Treatments (EST’s)Clearly specified psychological treatments shown to be efficacious in controlled research with delineated population Identifying PHT’s: Methodological Issues - Increase in variance - Difference across symptom domain - Harm to relative and friends - Client drop out - Short term vs. Long term deterioration COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT’s) Examines the relationship between thought, feeling and behavior. Examine patterns of thinking and self-destructive actions and the beliefs that direct these thoughts. - Therapists and patients actively work together - Homework outside of session - Running experiments on negative beliefs as hypothesis - Monitor the thoughts that pop into your mind (called automatic