REHB 205 1st Edition Lecture 2I. Stigmaa. Social stigma-i. Social behaviors based upon beliefs, stereotypes and attitudes that create pervasive psychosocial barriersb. Stigmatization- i. Process whereby persons with a “perceived difference” are placed apartfrom others c. “Mark”- i. Defines him/her as: flawed, deviant, spoiled, limited1. May or may not be a physical and serves as a cue for othersd. Factors relating to sigmai. Conceivability-1. Is the condition hidden or obviousii. Course-1. What pattern usually occurs?2. What is the final outcome?iii. Disruptiveness- 1. Does it block or hamper interaction or communication?iv. Aesthetic qualities-1. To what extent does the mark make the person: repellent, ugly or upsetting v. Origin- 1. How did the condition come about?2. Was anyone responsible for it?a. How so?vi. Peril- 1. What kind of dangers are posed to by the marka. To themselves or othersII. Disability as a social construct-a. Definitions, diagnosis criterion, rehabilitation strategies and social dynamics over timei. Example- Autism was once thought to be caused by having a “cold frigid mean” mother. Treatment was treating the mother. Now autism is considered a complex neurologic disorder and involves behavioral therapy as treatment III. Goals in defining the construct of disabilitiesa. Create a common framework to understand more scientificallyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Qualify individuals for social servicesc. Plan for provision of supports for individual with certain ability levelIV. Diagnosisa. Allows researchers to classify, measure and study the disabilities.b. Allows society to qualify individuals for servicesi. Special educationii. Accommodations c. Prominent diagnostic manualsi. International classification of diseases1. (ICD-10)ii. Diagnostic and statistical Manual of mental disorders1. (DSM-IV-TR)V. Effect of changing constructa. Increase in shared body of knowledge and practices across culture due to growing global communityb. Changes in constructs change those that are eligible for supportVI. How are disabilities classified?a. Physical & mobilityi. Neurological or musculoskeletalb. Development and cognitivec. Health impairmentsd. PsychiatricVII. Previous Perceptions and “Treatment” of People with Disabilitiesa. Neolithic (shaman tribe)i. They thought disabilities were caused by spiritsii. They would use the shamanistic treatment and hammer into the individuals head1. Caused more disability or deathb. Ancient Greeksi. They thought death was only cureii. Believed people with disabilities were not humaniii. “Standing in the way of a perfect world” – Platoiv. “Lock them away in some mysterious, unknown place” - platov. Offspring of the “inferior”c. Romansi. Reciprocity- 1. If we take care of you, you will pay us back with work and complacency 2. Thought Not all disabilities are bad as long as they can’t see it d. Middle agesi. Hebrews-1. Possession by demonsii. Old testament-1. Prohibits them from officiating in priesthood rites2. Cannot enter the “house of believers”e. Medieval times 1050-1500i. They were being punished or were closer to godii. Few state provisionsiii. Most were beggars on the streetiv. Alms house formedv. Bethlehem hospital- early mental institution f. 1500-1660i. Social duty to take care of the disabledii. New state hospitalsiii. Poor law acts in England1. Disabled to be provided foriv. Medical treatment for mental illnessg. 1600-age of enlightenmenti. Injured veterans –1. Were given helpii. Blind-1. Afforded special status2. Led to blinding war prisonersh. Early 1800-1900i. Work houses1. Poor law (scroungers and shirkers) sent to do hard workii. Rise of asylums1. Alienists- early psychiatristi. Moral model-i. Disabilities were result of moral weakness and sinj. Victorian age – Darwini. Charles Darwin-1. Natural selectiona. Idea that traits emerge due to reproductive success as selected for by the environment2. Eugenicist- a. selection of the fittest3. Social Darwinismi. Used to justify exclusion, sterilization and extermination of disabled individuals k. 1900-1950i. Medical model-1. Parents expected to institutionalize children with disabilitiesl. Africa-i. Chagga in East Africa 1. held that disabled pacified evil spiritsii. Benin 1. protected by spiritsiii. Nigeria 1. some pampered, others totally rejectediv. Ashanti in Ghana 1. shunned or killedm. 1935-1960i. 19351. League for the physically handicappedii. 1940-19501. National federation of the blind2. Hill-Burton Acta. Funded rehab hospitalsiii. Funding for special education and social securityiv. American Federation of the Physically Handicappedv. National Mental Health Foundation – antiwar workersvi. Mary Switzer 1. Director of US Office of Vocational Rehab funded 100 University Rehab Programsn. 1960i. Deinstitutionalization ii. Community Mental Health Act1. Funded community centers and University programsiii. Medicare and Medicaid iv. Christmas in Purgatory v. Establishment of Applied Behavior Analysiso. 1970-1980i. Urban Mass Transportation Act ii. Mental Illness Bill of Rights 1. states required to advocate and provide protectionsiii. Rehabilitation Act of 1973 1. affirmative action and anti-discriminationp. 1990-present i. Americans with Disabilities Act 1. Prohibits discriminationii. American Associations for People with Disabilities iii. Autism Coverage1. in some statesiv. Americans with Disabilities Act 1. Prohibits discriminationv. Mental Health Parity Act 1. requires insurance to cover mental healthvi. IDEA Act 1. funding for special education for developmentally