Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Influences on Cognitive Psychology II. Methods of Cognitive PsychologyIII. Ways of thinking in Cognitive Psychology IV. Previewa. Historical traditionsb. Philosophical antecedentsc. Psychological Antecedentsi. Early Psychologyii. William Jamesiii. Heamann von Ebbinghausiv. Sigmund Freudv. Karl Poppervi. Gestalt Psychologyvii. Individual Differences viii. Behaviorism ix. Behaviorism takes on American Psychologyx. Postwar Contextxi. Thinking as Computationxii. Artificial intelligencexiii. Information Processing Approach xiv. Computersd. Cognitive Sciencese. Fusion with Neurosciencef. Cognitive Revolution Outline of Current Lecture I. Increasing Emphasis II. Research Methodsa. Cognitive Psychology draws upon many research methodsIII. Ways of thinking about Cognitive Psychologya. Four Paradigms from the study of Cognition i. Information Processingii. Connectionismiii. Evolutionaryiv. Ecological PSY 2601 1st EditionCurrent LectureI. Increasing emphasis ona. Formal models of the phenomena studiedb. Integration with neurosciencec. Use of fine-grained measuresd. More sophisticated statistical analysese. Information processing approach still dominanti. Although not the computer metaphorii. “Network” metaphorf. Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychologyg. Ways of thinkingi. How the mind worksII. Research Methodsa. Cognitive Psychologyi. Cognitive Psychology draws upon many research methods:1. Experimentsa. Independent variable: presumed cause; manipulated by the experimentedb. Dependent variable: presumed effect; measured by the experimenter2. Quasi-experiments: presumed cause that you want to investigate cannot be controlled and randomly assigned by the researchera. Gender b. Agec. Ethnicityd. Educational Background3. Naturalistic observation: watching people in everyday contextsa. High in ecological validityb. Low in experimental control 4. Controlled observation5. Clinical interviews6. Neuroscience methodsIII. Ways of thinking about Cognitive Psychology a. Example from older timesi. Fluid b. Four paradigms frame the study of cognition:i. Information processingii. Connectionism1. Computer Metaphor2. View of the mind mind is thought of as composed of as very simple processing elements 3. Each of the components is meant to be abstractly like a neuron, so the propertiesare not very precise, but loosely inspired by neurons4. Someone says the word “robin” or you see the bird, then a part of the brain is activated which leads to another level of activation which leads to another level of activation which eventually leads to you knowing that the robin that you saw or heard someone talk about has the properties of flying, growing, singing, movingiii. Evolutionary1. Human beings have specialized areas of competence produced by our evolutionary heritagea. Ex: people having jealousy2. Environment that shapes us in not only physical, but also ecological and social iv. Ecological1. All cognitive activities are shaped by the culture and by the context in which theyoccur2. Focus on studying cognition in everyday contextsa. Children in Brazil selling fruits and vegetablestested on paper with mathematical abilities are not very goodobserved in action selling amount of fruits and vegetables and calculating in their head and came toa conclusion of a different arithmetic ability3. Study cognition as embedded in its everyday