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UI PSY 2601 - Influences

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Lecture 2Outline of Current Lecture I. Course Introductiona. What is Cognitive Psychology?b. Why study it?c. Study Techniquesd. Administrative MattersOutline of Current Lecture I. Influences on Cognitive Psychology II. Methods of Cognitive PsychologyIII. Ways of thinking in Cognitive Psychology IV. Previewa. Historical traditionsb. Philosophical antecedentsc. Psychological Antecedentsi. Early Psychologyii. William Jamesiii. Heamann von Ebbinghausiv. Sigmund Freudv. Karl Poppervi. Gestalt Psychologyvii. Individual Differences viii. Behaviorism ix. Behaviorism takes on American Psychologyx. Postwar Contextxi. Thinking as Computationxii. Artificial intelligencexiii. Information Processing Approach xiv. Computersd. Cognitive Sciencese. Fusion with Neurosciencef. Cognitive Revolution Current LectureI. Influences on Cognitive PsychologyII. Methods of Cognitive PsychologyPSY 2601 1st EditionIII. Ways of thinking in Cognitive Psychology a. Different ways of thinking about how the mind worksIV. Preview: Influencesa. Historical traditions influencing psychologyi. Structuralismii. Functionalismiii. Gestalt Psychologyiv. Behaviorismv. Freudian Psychology b. Philosophical Antecedenti. Empiricism vs. Nativismii. Aristotle and John Locke vs. Descartes and Platoiii. Experience vs. heredity and Biologyc. Psychological Antecedentsi. Early Psychology1. First person to attempt systematically studying events of the brain was William Wundt in Germany in the 1800’sa. He was attempting to discover the basic structures of the mind and hecame up with introspectioni. Structuralismii. Problem: lack of replicationiii. Introspection: approach to study the structures1. Trained introspection’s were reporting on the eventshow can anyone verify what is going on in another persons mind? (they can’t)b. William James i. Principles of Psychology1. Described experimental studiesa. Functionalism (he did not create this term)b. Focus on why the mind works a certain wayi. What purpose (or function) does short-term memory serve?ii. What evolutionary purpose/function?c. Preferred to study behavior in the real world rather the laboratory2. Hermann von Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) took a more rigorous approach of self-experimentation with serious analyses of behavior and memorya. Observe himself, objectiveb. Beginning of experimental psychology3. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)a. Influenced by Darwin (humans as objects of scientific inquiry) and 19th century physics (energy conservation) and neuroscienceb. Popularized the notion that behavior and subjective experience was largely controlled by forces outside of conscious awarenessc. (Maybe) effective treatment but good science?4. Karl Popper (1902-1994) (philosopher of science)a. Falsifiability: Scientific theories must be testableb. Set up theories to be testable and possibly be discredited5. Gestalt Psychologya. Groups of Psychologists in Germany early 20th Century b. The whole is greater than the sum of the parts6. Study of Individual Differencesa. Francis Galton: measurement of intelligence b. Cousin of Charles Darwin c. Invented many statistical techniques to analyze his data on the heritability of “eminence”7. Behaviorisma. Defined Psychology of 30-40 yearsb. Started in the 1920’si. Ian Pavlovii. Edward Thorndikeiii. John B. Watsoniv. Believed that thinking, the thing that humans perceive as thought is sub-vocalspeech c. B.F. Skinnerd. Classical Conditioningi. Discovered by Pavlov (1849-1936)ii. Make first English-language report of conditioning (1927)iii. Animal studiesiv. When a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) automatically evokes a response (the unconditioned response), a stimulus that consistently preceded the unconditioned stimulus ( theconditioned stimulus) will eventually evoke a anticipatory response (the conditioned response)8. Instrumental/Operant Conditioninga. Thorndike (1874-1949)b. Discovers instrumental conditioningi. Behaviors that lead to satisfying consequences (reward) increase in frequencyii. Behaviors that lead to unpleasant consequences decrease in frequencyc. Behaviorism takes on American Psychologyi. Concepts such as Id, Ego, and Superego are rejected as untestable fantasiesii. Methodologies behaviorism:1. We cannot observe mental processesd. Postwar Contexti. Engineering and communication1. Green and Swets’s signal detection theory arose from wartime development or Radar2. Shannon and Weaver’s information theory arose from wartime study of how to encode communications3. Pilot traininge. Thinking as Computationi. For hundreds of years, philosophers have argued that thinking is a form of logical computation1. “By ratiocination, I mean computation” Thomas Hobbes (Empiricist), ca. 16502. Early 1900’s, philosophers developed powerful systemsof symbolic logical that allow English language sentences to be coded like mathematical equations, with logical rather than mathematical operationii. Development of computers made the concept of thinking-by-computation even more plausible 1. What computers were able to do is what humans were able to do, but with much more mental processingf. Artificial Intelligencei. 1920’s and 1930’s, Alan Turing developed the “Turing machine”ii. Became the theoretical basis computers after WW2iii. Turing’s achievements made possible the field of artificial intelligence1. If thinking is the same as computing, and a universal Turing machine can compute anything that can be computed, then a universal Turing machine should be capable of thought2. How would we know if a computer could think?3. In 1950, Turing proposed a simple test (known as the Turing Test)a. Examiner communicates with a computer or a person through a keyboard and monitor, and tries to guess whether it is a person or a computer by asking various questionsg. Information Processing Approachi. Late 1950’s and early 1960’s, psychologists began to use the computer as a metaphor for the mind ii. Engineering developments made it clear that “information” was important, and computer science developments made it clear that computations were importantiii. This led to the “information processing approachiv. In 1967, the first textbook was publishedh. Computersi. Computer metaphor lead genitive psychologists to focus on specific issues 1. What is the architecture of the mind?2. Are there separate short-term and long-term memory systems? How large are these systems?3. What are the sequences of steps that occur when we think retrieve


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