BSC 101 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Section 2.1: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Birdsa. Pangeab. Characteristics of ArchaeopteryxII. Section 2.2a: How to Classify Lifea. Three different domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya)III. Heterotrophs and AutotrophsOutline of Current Lecture I. Section 2.3: Domain Eukaryaa. Animal Cellb. Plant Cellc. Fungid. ProtistsII. Section 2.4: Bacteria and Archaea are ProkaryoticIII. Section 3.2: Genetic Variationa. Sexual Reproductionb. Mutationc. Migration and DispersalIV. Terms to KnowCurrent LectureSection 2.3: Domain EukaryaAnimal Cellso Animals are classically heterotrophs.o No cell wall.o Animal cells contain a nucleus.o Contain many organelles  organized and membrane bound.o ATP (energy) is formed by the mitochondria, turning sugar into energy.o Multicellular, These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o EukaryoticPlant Cellso More rigid because of cell wall made of cellulose.o Contains a central vacuole (filled with water).  In charge of storing waste, storing potential food, and supporting the plant. Membrane bound.o Eukaryotico Has many organelles that are membrane bound.o Has chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place).Fungio Heterotrophic (they cannot photosynthesize) o Cell wall made of chitin (the same material that makes up exoskeletons).o No chloroplasts.o Contains a nucleus.o Membrane bound organelles.Protistso Does not represent any kind of evolutionary relatedness.o Things that fall under protists are things that can’t fall under animals, plants, or fungi.  A catch-all group.o Sometimes unicellular, sometimes multicellular.o Some photosynthetic, some heterotrophic.o ALL Eukaryotic. Contains nucleus.  Membrane bound organelles. Makes ATP through cellular respiration.Section 2.4: Bacteria and Archaea are Prokaryotico All microscopic, single celled organisms.o Lack membrane bound organelles.o Nucleoid, no nucleus.o Primarily reproduces asexually.o Bacteria mostly beneficialGenetic Variationo Acquired traits are body modifications that your aren’t born with that can’t be passed onto the next generation, such as large muscle mass from working out or 20/20 vision fromgetting laser eye surgery.o Inherited traits are traits that have been changed in the genetic information contained inthe cells.Evolution: A two-step process that causes changes to the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.o Step 1: the generation of genetic variation, the process that causes genetic changes which then lead to greater variation in a population.o Step 2: the selection of those individuals that will survive and reproduce successfully, a process called natural selection.Alleles: Different forms of a gene that bring about particular traits.o Inherited from parents.o Different versions of the same gene.o Variation caused by inheritance of different alleles.How does genetic variation arise?Sexual Reproductiono Sexual reproduction generates genetic variation while asexual production reduces genetic variation.o Meiosis: reproductive process in specialized cells that reduces the number of chromosomes in half, rearranges its information to create new combinations of alleles, and then splits twice to produce four cells.o Each sperm and egg cell contains a unique set of genetic information.o Stages of Meiosis…1. Cell nucleus starts with two pairs of chromosomes (4 total)  one pair from mom, one pair from dad.2. Chromosomes replicate.3. Chromosomes in a pair line up next to each other.4. Chromosomes swap selections of DNA.5. Chromosome pairs divide.6. Daughter nuclei divide again.o Result: four genetically unique cells.o Fertilization: The event when the male’s sperm unites with the female’s egg.Mutationo A change in a DNA sequence.o During meiosis genes can be mistakenly rearrange, moved from one place to another, duplicated, or deleted entirely from the genome.o Create new alleles.o Three possible effects when mutation happens… Adaptive:possibility for positive change, increases chance of survival. Negative:decreases your fitness, your chances of survival, and your ability to reproduce. No effect: no effect on fitness, happens with a vast majority of mutations.o Mutation is the original, primary source of variation.Migration and Dispersalo The migration or movement of gametes, spores, or individuals into or out of a population is another source of genetic variation.o Gene flow: the movement of alleles between different populations.Terms to KnowPhenotype: the observable characteristic of a trait.Fitness: the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its