PSY 2401 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. How to Study Developmenta. Science and scientific processII. Why Study Child Developmenta. Understanding human natureb. Choosing Social Policiesc. Raising Childrend. GoalIII. Greek Philosophersa. Plato & Aristotleb. Early Philosophical ViewsIV. Beginnings of Researcha. Social Reform Movementsb. Darwin’s theory of Evolutionc. Wilhelm Preyerd. Field of Child Development V. What Science Isa. Can the Study of Anything be a Science?b. What Makes Science Special?c. “Real” ScienceVI. Scientific Method (formal) a. Theoriesb. Hypothesesc. Experimentsd. Goal of Scientific Methode. Scientific IntegrityOutline of Current Lecture I. Development Questions and Themesa. How do nature and nurture together shape development?b. How do children shape their own development?c. In what ways is development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous?d. How does change occur?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. How does the sociocultural context influence development?f. How do children become so different from each other?g. How can research promote children’swell-being?II. Research Methods a. Way to elicit the behavior you are interested in from a particular set of participantsb. The methodology you choose should be based onc. Examples: what can young infants do?Current Lecture Themes Methods OutlinesI. Development Questions and Themesa. How do nature and nature together shapedevelopment?i. Nature, refers to our biological endowment, especially the genes we receive from our parents (nativist)ii. Nurture, physical and social environments that influence our development (empiricist)b. How do children shape their own development? i. Theme: active child1. Interactions with social and physical environment in first few years shapes:a. Attentional pattersb. Languagec. Play 2. Choose environments, friends, and activities; choices can influence developmental trajectories3. Shaping increases with independencec. in what ways is development continuous, and in what ways is it discontinuous?i. Theme: continuity/discontinuity1. Continuous development: small changes that you don’t even noticea. Ex: infants developing language 2. Discontinuous development: occurs in distinct stagesa. Ex: caterpillarchrysalisbutterflyd. How does change occur?i. Theme: mechanism of development1. How does change happen? (Darwin’s evolution…)a. Variation-differences in thought processes and behaviorb. Selection-particular patterns are more successfuli. Neural (brain development) and behavioral levels (strategies for problem solving)e. How does the sociocultural contest influence development?i. Theme: the sociocultural contest1. Developmental embedded in structured context: physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances environment of developmenta. Sleeping arrangement differ between Mayan and USb. US culture prizes independence and self-reliance, whereas the Mayan culture values interdependencec. Outcomes of sleeping patternsf. How do children become so different from eachother?i. Theme: individual differences1. Genes (interact with environment; not alone)2. Treatment by others3. Subjective reactions (to treatment by others)4. Choice of environments, even within the same familya. Shared environment vs. non-shared environmentsg. How can research promote children’s well-being?i. Theme: research and children’s welfare1. Practical benefits of child-development researcha. Preferential looking paradigmi. Created to study infant cognitionii. Identify if children have cataractsb. Intervention programsi. Parents sensitivityii. Parent-infant secure attachment1. Teenage mothers shown to be less responsive and sensitive and prompt2. After 6 months of training infants will show more secure attachment II. Research Methodsa. Way to elicit the behavior you are interested in from a particular set of participantsb. The methodology you choose should be based on:i. Your theory/hypothesisii. Your research question iii. The age/abilities of your participantsc. Examples: what can young infants do?i. Suckii. Turn headiii. Track objects with their eyesiv. Fixate on