BIOL 2255 1st Edition Exam #1 Study GuideAnatomy Unit 1 Study GuideTermsArm- BrachiumForearm- antebrachiumArmpit- axillaHand- manusFoot- pesLeg- crural Anatomical Position-Everything facing forwardRight/left- sagittal planeTop/bottom- horizontal/transverse planeFront/back- coronal/frontal planeAnatomical TermsSuperficial- close to surfaceDeep- deeper in bodyFascia- layer of tissueCutaneous- skinIpsilateral- same side of bodyContralateral- opposite side of bodyUnilateral- only on one side of the body (spleen)Bilateral- have right and left (lungs)Directional TermsSuperior- top (head)Inferior- bottom (feet)Cranial- headCaudal- tailLateral- away from midlineMedial- towards midlineAnterior- front part of bodyPosterior- back part of bodyProximal- closer to point of attachmentDistal- further from point of attachmentTerms of MovementFlexion- decrease angle between 2 body parts (sagittal plane)Extension- increase angle between 2 body parts (sagittal)Abduction- away from body (coronal)Adduction- toward body (coronal)Medial rotation- rotate inwardLateral rotation- rotate outwardCircumduction- whole appendage in a circleElevation- lift upDepression- push downInversion- sole of foot inwardEversion- sole of foot outwardDorsiflexion- flex toePlantar flexion- point toePronation- palms down (medial rotation)Supination- palms upProtraction- pushing body part forwardRetraction- pulling body part backGroups of interrelated musclesOrigin- muscle attachment to part of skeleton that doesn’t moveInsertion- muscle attachment to part of skeleton that movesExtrinsic- muscle that has its origin outside an organ or part (hand in forearm)Intrinsic- muscle that has both its origin and insertion in an organ or part (all in hand and move fingers)BonesProcess- projects from boneFacet- smooth, where one bone meets anotherForamen- holeFossa- depressionTubercle/tuberosity- bumps on boneVertebraeBody- support body weightSpinous process- restrict movementTransverse process- muscle attachment and restrict movementArticular process- connect to articulate process of adjacent vert., inferior and superiorly lock togetherLamina- between spinous process and transverse processPedicle- between transverse process and bodyAbnormalities in spineScoliosis- lateral deviation of verts (curved back)Kyphosis- verts curve posteriorly in thoracic region (hunchback) Lordosis- increased lumbar curvature (sway back)Deep BackInferior attachments- originSuperior attachments- insertionIntrinsic musclesErector spinae- extension, lateral bending (flexion)Iliocostalis- (lateral)- L. lomborum, L. thoracic, L. cervicisLongissimus (intermediate)-L. thoracis, L. cervicis, L. capitisSpinalis (medial)-S. thoracis, S. cervicis, S. capitisTransversospinalis- extension, rotation (posture)Semispinalis- span 5-6 vertebrae-s. thoracis, s. cervicis, s. capitis multifidus- span 3-4 vertebraerotatores- deepest, shortest, span 1-2 vertebrae interspinalis- extend vertebral columnintertransversarii- lateral flexionShoulderDeltoid- abducts, laterally rotate/extend and medially rotate/ flex armTeres major- adducts and medially rotates armSerratus anterior- protracts, rotates scapula upwardRotator cuffS: supraspinatus- initiates & aids deltoid in abducting armI: infraspinatus- laterally rotates armT: teres minor- laterally rotates armS: subscapularis- medialy rotates arm*Tendons of these muscles surround the shoulder joint on all sides (except inferiorly)NeckSplenius capitis- extensionSplenius cervicis- rotation to same sideSuboccipital regionAtlanto-occipital joint- where head meets neck Rectus capitis posterior major—extension of head/neckRectus capitis posterior minor—extension of head/neckOblique capitis superior—extension of head/neckAtlanto-axial joint- at C1 and C2Rectus capitis posterior major—rotation of head/neckOblique capitis superior/inferior—rotation of head/neckGlutealGluteus maximus- extension of thigh, lateral rotationGluteus medius- medially rotate thigh, abduct thighGluteus minimus- medially rotate thigh, abduct thighPiriforimus- laterally rotate thighSuperior gemellus- laterally rotate thighObtuator internus- laterally rotate thighInferior gemellus- laterally rotate thighQuadratus femoris- laterally rotate thighTensor fasciae lata- thigh abductorSuperior gluteal artery- supply gluteal maximus, medius, minimus and tensor fasciae lataInferior gluteal artery- supply gluteus maximus and smaller gluteal musclesSciatic nerve- *supplies no muscle in gluteal region*Superior gluteal nerve- gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae lataInferior gluteal nerve- gluteus maximusSpinal Cord and NervesFunction- conducts nerve impulses to and from brain, thicker in the cervical and lumbar regionsCervical- brachial plexus C5-T1Lumbosacral- lumbosacral plexus C1-S4Conus medullaris- distal end of spinal cord properCaudia equina- lower roots from lower lumbar and sacralFilum terminale- slender filament and the end of spinal cord, attaches to coccyxSpinal nerves- carry sensory and motor, emerge via intervertebral foramenHow many- cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5)= 31Dura mater- tough sheath, covers brain and spinal cord- 1 layer covers spinal cord—meningeal layer- function- provides stabilityArachnoid- middle layer, very thin covering CTSubarachnoid space- filled with cerebrospinal fluid- function- shock absorber, medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, wastePia mater- innermost- function- network of blood vessels that supply spinal cordDenticulate Ligaments- paired extensions of pia mater connect dura mater, stabilize lateral movement of spinal cordReflexes-Involuntary motor response to a stimulusSpinal reflex arc- pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to effectors without first going to the brainMonosynaptic- sensory neuron synapse directly with motor neuronPolysynaptic- 1 or more interneuron between sensory and motor neuronDermatomes-Sensory regions monitored by a single spinal segment-Each pair of spinal nerve monitors specific region of body’s surfaceTissuesEpithelial- closely packed cells cover organ or form glands- Function- protection, secretion and absorption Connective- cells that occupy less space than the extracellular Material- cells, protein, fibers, ground substances- function- support, protect, bind together organs, storageMuscle- skeletal, smooth, cardiac- function- moves skeleton and organ wallsNervous- cells specialized for communication via electrical and chemical