PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Is Psychology a Science?a. Definition of PsychologyII. Subfields of Psychology a. Clinicalb. Developmentalc. Sociald. Physiologicale. Quantitativef. Cognitiveg. Industrial/organizationalh. Educational/schooli. Personalityj. Animalk. Evolutionaryl. Communitym. HealthIII. History and Methodsa. Wilhelm Wundtb. Gestaltistsc. Sigmund FreudOutline of Current Lecture IV. History and Methods (cont.)a. Functionalism b. Behaviorism V. Research MethodsVI. Experimental IssuesCurrent LectureI. History and Methods (cont.)a. Functionalismi. William James1. How do mental processes help us adapt?a. Focus on process, rather than structureb. How does something get you to something you need to get to?b. Behaviorismi. John Watson, B.F. Skinner1. Contingenciesa. Event-eventb. Behavior-rewardi. What’s rewarded is done againII. Research methodsa. Research designi. Logical structure of study you’re doing and how that applies to theconclusion you’re trying to reachb. Research toolsi. Instruments, techniques used to collect datac. Research analysisi. Statistical techniques for extracting structure from data d. Experimentsi. Goal: assert causalityii. Manipulate IV (independent variable)1. Independent of whatever the participants do 2. Conditions are leveled to IV3. Experimenter doing the manipulationiii. Random assignment 1. Place participants at random in experiment 2. Want equal distribution and rule out confounding variables3. All due to chanceiv. Control groups 1. Baseline group2. Group that got the regular thingv. Dependent variable (DV)1. Outcome2. The thing you’re measuring from the participants that you’re hoping will be different3. Depends on whatever the participants are doing vi. Example: Facial Feedback1. Hypothesis: feedback from body is source of emotional experience 2. Strack asked participants to hold a pencil in their mouth in 2 different positions a. Teeth conditionb. Lips conditionc. Hand (control) conditiond. Randomly assigned3. Participants rated a series of cartoonsa. If you hold pencil in your teeth, your smiling muscles are working and will find cartoon funnierb. If you hold pencil between your lips, your frowning muscles are working and won’t find cartoon as funnye. Correlational studiesi. Goal: establishing relationshipsii. Measure at least 2 DV’siii. Subject variables 1. Things people from the experiment walk in with a. Ex: people from urban vs. rural areas (different exposures to toxic environment)iv. Statistical controlf. Observational studiesi. Identify phenomenaii. Measure more than on DViii. Exploratoryiv. No controlsIII. Experimental issues a. External validityi. Degree to which a phenomenon applies to the real world 1. Generalizabilitya. Can these particular results be interpreted as a ________ phenomenon?b. Internal validityi. Degree to which you made that logic happenii. Confounds1. Unintended differences between groups2. Experimenter biasa. Rosenthal’s maze-bright/maze-dull rats3. Participant biasa. Placebo effectsi. Can have physiological effects on bodyii. Eippert scan of spinal cord1. Heat applied to forearm 2. Spinal neural activity reduced in placebo groupb. Double-blind studiesi. Both participant and experimenter don’t know what condition the subject is