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SELU PSYC 440 - Cerebral Cortex

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Lecture 4Outline of Last LectureOutline of Current LectureI. Cerebral CortexA. Newer.B. Top Layer of Brain.C. Only Mammals Have This.D. We as humans are more “top heavy”E. We have biggest brains relative to body size.F. D. Divided into 4 lobesII. LeDoux’s 2 Pathways of Emotion.A. The cerebral cortex helps to regulate emotion but does not produce it.B. Lower or direct pathway of emotiuion.-automatic/reflexive-runs from thalamus to the amygdalaC. Slower indirect pathway-thalamus to cortext to amygdala- Allows for alternative expression of emotion.- helps you have more abstract values of emotion.III. Split BrainA. Left Hemisphere.B. Right HemisphereIV. Brain Imaging Technology.A. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)B. fMRIC. Magnoencephalography.D. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Current LectureI. Cerebral CortexE. Newer.F. Top Layer of Brain.G. Only Mammals Have This.H. We as humans are more “top heavy”I. We have biggest brains relative to body size.J. D. Divided into 4 lobes1. Frontal Lobe. –a) Most sophisticated.b) Largest Lobe.c) Grouped under executive functions.d) Prefrontal part - the very, very front part.e) Broca’s area.All of the mental processes to go through in order to organize behavior in a goal oriented fashion.Need to conceptualize a goal in your head.-We need to think abstractly and organized our behaviors and thoughts into a sequence (executive functionin).f) Need to inhibit irrelevant behaviorsg) Inhibition.2. Motor cortexa) Voluntary actionsThere are specific parts of the motor cortex for moving and controlling specific parts of the body.b) Primary cortex and premotor cortex there are mirror neurons.3. Parietal lobec) Land locked.d) Receives info about pressure, pain touch, and temperature.e) Integrative functions (functions that require taking info from the other lobes and combining it in some functional way). Ex. Walking with eyes closed.Many integrative functions are spatial in nature.4. (Sensory Cortex)f) Has a map of the body laid out on it (specific parts for specific body parts).3. Occipital Lobe.a) Center of visual processing.b) Two major visual pathways for analysis:4. Temporal lobe.a) superior temporal lobeV. LeDoux’s 2 Pathways of Emotion.A. The cerebral cortex helps to regulate emotion but does not produce it.B. Lower or direct pathway of emotiuion.-automatic/reflexive-runs from thalamus to the amygdalaC. Slower indirect pathway-thalamus to cortext to amygdala- Allows for alternative expression of emotion.- helps you have more abstract values of emotion.VI. Split BrainA. Left Hemisphere.1. Verbal hemisphere.2. More specialized in language.3. More analytical.4. Breaking things down, destructionist.B. Right Hemisphere1. Nonverbal hemisphere.2. Synthetic.3. Constructive.VII. Brain Imaging Technology.A. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)1. Monitors blood flow through the brain.2. Uses radioactive water put in blood to see positrons to track the blood flow.3. Does not give real time images.4. Localizes functions.B. fMRI1. Closer to real time.2. Uses electromagnets from hemoglobin in blood to monitor oxygen levels in brain.3. Monitors blood flow.C. Magnoencephalography.1. Monitors external magnetic fields in the brain.2. Identifying more electrically active parts of the brain.D. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.1. A magic wand that sends out an electromagnetic signal that is localized in brain.Psych 440 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. Biological Basis of ThoughtA. building Block of the Brain: The Neuron.B. Myelin sheath is a fatty covering on the axon and it makes things move faster andis an insulator.C. The axon ends in terminal branches.D. There is a soft/ open connection between neurons called synapses.E. Receptor site is why the terminal or terminal button “connects.”II. Neurotransmitters and How they WorkA. Reuptake process - process of sweeping out unused neural transmitters that didn’t fit in a receptor site.B. NeurotransmittersIII. A neuron at Rest (Before Anything Happens)A. Neuron has a relative negative charge in comparison to environment around him.B. Predominant chemical inside neuron membrane is potassium.C. External environment is dominated by sodium D. Still has a baseline firing rate: E. Has a semi-permeable membrane which regulates the external/internal balance where the soma is negative compared to the environment.F. Negative 70 chargeIV. Brain Structure Categorizing: Cortical Structures VS Subcortical StructuresA. Cortical structures – cerebral cortex (new brain).B. Subcortical structures – everything else below the cerebral cortex.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Outline of Current Lecture I. Cerebral CortexA. Newer.B. Top Layer of Brain.C. Only Mammals Have This.D. We as humans are more “top heavy” E. We have biggest brains relative to body size.F. D. Divided into 4 lobesII. LeDoux’s 2 Pathways of Emotion.A. The cerebral cortex helps to regulate emotion but does not produce it.B. Lower or direct pathway of emotiuion.-automatic/reflexive-runs from thalamus to the amygdalaC. Slower indirect pathway-thalamus to cortext to amygdala- Allows for alternative expression of emotion.- helps you have more abstract values of emotion.III.Split BrainA. Left Hemisphere.B. Right HemisphereIV.Brain Imaging Technology.A. PET (Positron Emission Tomography)B. fMRI C. Magnoencephalography.D. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.Current LectureI. Cerebral CortexE. Newer.F. Top Layer of Brain.G. Only Mammals Have This.H. We as humans are more “top heavy” I. We have biggest brains relative to body size.J. D. Divided into 4 lobes1. Frontal Lobe. –a) Most sophisticated.b) Largest Lobe.c) Grouped under executive functions.d) Prefrontal part - the very, very front part.e) Broca’s area.- Still fits in with executive functions.- People with Broca’s aphasia cannot talk properly.- More sophisticated and even more abstract though including self- awareness.- All of the mental processes to go through in order to organize behavior in a goal oriented fashion.- Need to conceptualize a goal in your head.-We need to think abstractly and organized our behaviors and thoughts into a sequence (executive functionin).f) Need to inhibit irrelevant behaviorsg) Inhibition.2. Motor cortexa) Voluntary actions- There are specific parts of the motor cortex for moving and controlling


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