PSYCH2201st Edition Lecture 2OUTLINE OF LAST LECTURE- What is development?- Major IssuesOUTLINE OF CURRENT LECTURE- Theories- Ethological Approach- DesignCURRENT LECTURE:THEORIESBehaviorismo Classical Conditioning (Watson) NOT forming a new behavior Ex: Little Albert & his fear of furry things stemming from loud noises connected with rat, rabbit, dog, furry mask, etc. Unconditioned stimulus: loud noise Conditioned stimulus: rato Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning  Behavior modification- Add things,behavior increases -> positive reinforcement- Add things, behavior decreases -> positive punishment- Take things, behavior increases -> negative reinforcement- Take things, behavior decreases -> negative punishment ConsequencesSocial-Learning Theory (Bandura) Bandura was interested in learning through imitation Symbolic imitation- Created films of people behaving a certain way and showed it to kids and observed if kids would imitate the behavior. They did- Bobo doll experimentEthology To understand behavior we need to observe in it’s natural environment (contextual)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Adapted behavior increases our chance of survival. The behaviors that we show are biologically driven and adapted Important ethological concepts:o Imprinting: human babies do not imprint Konrad Lorenz & ducks: imprint on the first moving thing they see. Followed him around as if he was their parent- Allows them to recognize their own species. When Konrad’s ducks grew up, they wanted to mate with humans.o Sensitive/critical periods Keep a gosling duck isolated for 48 hours, they don’t imprint. o Bonding: Human babies. Klause & Kendall: Believed that babies and parents had imprinting within an hour after birth -> bonding- Premature babies that bonded hit developmental marks more on-time than babies that didn’t bond.“Babyness” Rounded head shape Large eyes below middle of head Protruding foreheadThe Ecological Approach“From this perspective, it can be said that much of developmental psychology, as it now exists is the science of the strange behavior of children in strange situations with strange adults for the briefest possible periods of time” Urie Bronfenbrennera bunch of nested contexts instead of just one Microsystem- individual’s immediate surroundings (multiple)o Ex: Lecture Hall 2, students surrounding you, etc. Mesosystem- connections among microsystemso Ex: Parent calling the professor of their child, talking to your roommates teacher because your roommate got into a car accident, etc. Exosystem- doesn’t directly contain individual but influences themo Ex: parents workplace influence on the children. Bad day at work -> negative attitude towards your children. THE CHILDREN’S EXOSYSTEM IS THE PARENT’S WORKPLACE. (doesn’t apply to a workplace where the child goes to work with the parent regularly)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Macrosystem- values, ideals, customs, and laws of a particular cultureo Ex: being okay with physical punishment of children vs cultures whereit is against the law for parents to physically punish their children.o Gender roles Chronosystem- temporal (time)o Diff. things happen at diff. times individually during development. Both normative or non. Ex: your sibling born 3 years after or before you, parents divorce when you were 4 or 14.o It matters when it happened!o Ex: ‘depression babies’ went through famine and always worried about food. When grown up, even at 91y.o, they store a lot of food, make huge meals for people, etc. because when they were young they were always scarce on food and hungryDESIGNExperimentsImpt terms:- Independent variable: what you’re manipulating - Dependent variable: what you’re measuring- Reliability: is it doing its job consistently?- Validity: is it measuring what it’s supposed to?Exp: kids who watch barney vs kids who color barney in the lab. Placed in a roomtogether afterwards and there aren’t enough toys, which group will share?Watching barney vs not: independent variable: controlIncidence of sharing pro-social behavior: dependent variableEXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS USED IN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOG:- Cross-sectionalo ex: testing a group of 5 year olds, 7, 9, 11, etc. all at once. Instead ofwatching one child every 2 years (takes too long)o Advantages: Quick Inexpensive Differences in behavior at different points in development canbe studied (ex: comparing the 5 year old group with the rest)o Disadvantages: No info about past determinants of age related changes.Because you didn’t watch what happened to them in their past,you only know that they’re different ages.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. No info about individual development No info about developmental process- Longitudinal- SequentialThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a