Biomechanics Lecture 1 Why study the human movement o Better understanding Facilitate better teaching Successful coaching More observant therapy Knowledgeable exercise prescription Basic terminology o Quantitative Measurements when numbers are involved Examples How fast How far How much o Qualitative Measurements involving nonnumeric description of quality of movement Examples Good vs poor Long vs short Heavy vs light Human Movement analysis can be divided into biomechanics and kinesiology o Biomechanics Kinematics and kinematic Areas of study o Biomechanics vs kinesiology o Anatomy vs functional anatomy o Linear vs angular motion o Kinematics vs kinetics Biomechanics vs kinesiology o Kinesiology Scientific study of human movement Anatomical physiological psychological biomechanical o Biomechanics Application of mechanics to biological systems More specific that kinesiology o Biomechanics is concerned with the internal and external forces that act on the human body and the effects produced by their forces Hay 1993 Anatomy vs functional anatomy o Anatomy Structure of the body Focus on structure Example study of biceps brachii o Functional anatomy Body components necessary to achieve goal Focus on function Example analysis of bicep curl Linear vs angular motion o Linear motion tumbling AKA translation or translational motion Movement on straight or curved pathway All points on a body move same distance and time Example throwing a ball the entire ball is moving together even if wavers The motion can be in waves to The entire object needs to move together o Angular motion swinging on poll Motion around same point Different regions of the same body segment do not move through the same distance Quiz o Which of the following is an example of linear motion A child performing a cartwheel on a specific axis The path of a baseball while it is in the air A runner s leg motion during a 100 m race None of the above o Which of the following is an example of angular motion The arm of the pitcher throwing a ball A parachutist in free fall The path of a baseball while it is in the air None of the above Kinematics Vs kinetics o Kinematics Examines spatial space and temporal time characteristics of motion Position displacement velocity and acceleration Example How fast the object is moving how hight it goes or how far it travels The forces causing the motion are not considered Example amount type and direction of movement Speed or changes in speed of body o Kinetics Examines forces that cause motion Magnitude Direction Line of action Point of application Statics Vs dynamics o Statics Examines system not moving or moving at a constant speed Equilibrium no acceleration Examples outer space no gravity no change in acceleration Example spaceship gliding through space o Dynamics Examines systems that are being accelerated Involves acceleration or deceleration Examples sprinting baseball pitch basketball soccer o During dynamic action some parts of our body can be static Skeleton body segments o Axial 50 moves slower than rest of body so easy to observe Head Neck trunk o Appendicular very hard to be analyzed moves faster Upper extremities lower extremities o you have to know the reference point to measure Reference positions used as a base line o Anatomical position Standard reference point Palm face front o Fundamental position Similar to anatomical position Arms more relaxed Palms face inward o Relative angle AKN joint angle Included angle between two segments Relative positions o Medial toward midline of the body o Lateral away from midline of the body o Proximal toward point of attachment closer to you middle o Distal away from point of attachment farther away from middle o Superior toward the top of the head o Inferior towards the bottom of the head o Anterior front ventral o Posterior back dorsal o Ipsilateral on the same side o Contralateral on opposite sides Proximal and distal based on reference points Flexion and extension o Flexion A bending movement by decreasing the joint angle between a segment and its proximal segment Moving away from reference position o Extension A straightening movement by increasing the joint angle A segment returns to the reference position o Hyperflexion Flexion beyond normal range o Hyperextension Extension beyond normal range Abduction and adduction o Abduction Moving away from the midline of the body o Adduction Moving toward the midline of the body o Hyperabduction Abduction past 180 Other movement descpritors o Rotation Medial internal or lateral external Right left Specialized movement descriptor o Horizontal adduction Combinened of flexion Movement descriptor of foot o Plantarflexion Increase angle between foot and shank o Dorsiflexion Decrease angle between foot and shank o Inversion Lift medial edge of foot o Eversion Lift lateral edge of foot Pronation and supination of the foot o Pronation and supination of the foot are not the same inversion and eversion o Pronation of the foot Dorsiflexion at the ankle Eversion in the tarsals Abduction of the forefoot o Supination of the foot Plantarflexion at the ankle Inversion in the tarsals Adduction of the forefoot Reference systems o Necessary for accurate observation and description o Fundamental and anatomical positions o Axes Imaginary lines that intersect at right angles o Origins Point of intersection of axes Absolute and relative o Absolute Axes interest in the center of a joint o Relative Segment movement described relative to the adjacent segment Planes and axes o Plane Flat two dimensional surface o Cardinal planes Planes positioned at right angles and intersecting Cardinal planes o Sagittal walking towards me Left and right halves Mediolateral axis o Frontal coronal walking side to side Front and back halves Anteroposterior axis o Transverse horizontal Upper and lower halves Longitudinal axis o Many other planes exist Degrees of freedom o Number of planes in which a joint has the ability to move o I degree of freedom Uniaxial Example moving arm away from body and toward at the elbow o 2 degrees of freedom Biaxial Example wrist o 3 degree freedom Triaxial Example shoulder Quiz 1 Frontal Sagittal Transverse 2 The transverse bisect the body into a Top and bottom portions b Right and left portions c Front and back 3 The hip joint is to the knee joint a Proximal b Medial c Distal d Anterior 4 A Triaxial joint has how many degrees of freedom a 1 b 2 c 3 d More than 3