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UI BIOL 1411 - Cell Theory
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BIOL 1411 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Current Lecture 1. Cell theory2. How we study cells3. Common features of cells4. Prokaryotic cells features5. Eukaryotic cells featuresCurrent Lecture- Cell theory and it’s implicationso Cells=fundamental to life (smallest entity that can be alive and function independently)o All organisms consist of one or more of cellso They are microscopic (1-100 micrometers in diameter)o All cells come from preexisting cells (smallest unit of production)o How do we study cells? Bright-field microscopy Phase contrast microscopy  Differential interference-contrast microscopy Stained bright-field microscopy  Fluorescent microscopy- Use florescent labels to distinguish structures or specific molecules within a cell- Absorbs light of low wavelength, emits at higher wavelengths - Fluorescent molecule attaches to antibody which allows us to specify where certain proteins are inside a cell Confocal microscopy Electron microscopy- - shower of electrons provides high resolution cells- not a good method for living cells, howeverThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Why are cells so small? So they can exchange materials within the environment. Step by step process goes like this:- Nutrients in- Distribution- Cell metabolism- Metabolic wastes out Exchange with environment and cell occur at surface and are limited by surface area Distribution and metabolic reactions are limited by the inside volume of cell As cell size increases, cell volume increases more than surface area.- SA/VOL ratio decreases with increases cell dimensions, but increases with decreased cell dimensions o Common features of cells Plasma membrane- - makes up outer cell Cytoplasm- - inner cell, water based cytosol  Genome of DNA Ribosomes- - Molecule machines for making cell proteinso Prokaryotic cells Bacteria and archea- Smallest structurally simplest of cells- Genomes consisting of one or two molecules of DNA concentratedin a nucleoid- Great metabolic diversityo Found everywhere on eartho Can use a wide array of energy sourceso Can exist as free-living single cells, though also live in aggregates (chains, clusters, or biofilms) Variable structural features- Exterioro Many have a rigid cell wallo Some have outer membrane additionallyo Some have slimy capsule of polysaccharides o Some have flagella and/or pili (hair-like projections)- Interioro Extensions (in-folding) of plasma membranes for energy transformation processes or cell divisiono Cytoskeleton (in a few only)o Eukaryotic cells Protists, fungi, plants, animals  Generally larger/more complex than prokaryotic cells Larger genomes, organized chromosomes  Organelles- Membrane enclosed compartments within cell- Each organelle has specific role in cell function, different chemical reactions happen within each individual cell Separations of celluar activities has allowed diversification of functions and specialization of eukaryotic cells Organization of cell- Must have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus for a eukaryotic cell to function- Cytoplasm must have cytosol (water based)+organelles+cytoskeleton to function properly Major organelles- Nucleuso Large, dense, visible with light microscope o Houses nucleolus as well as DNA Nucleolus is where DNA is made- Nuclear envelope o Two membrane layer with poreso Pores important so enzymes can pass in and out to transferDNA- Endomembrane system o Interconnected system of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes, and plasma membraneo Tiny membrane surrounded vesicles shuttle substances between the various


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UI BIOL 1411 - Cell Theory

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