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BU PSYC 344 - History of Research Methods
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Psyc 344 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture II. Introduction/ OverviewIII. Why understand research design?Outline of Current Lecture IV. 4 ways of acquiring informationV. Cosmologists contributions to researchVI. Important figures in the history of researching methodsCurrent LectureFour ways of acquiring information:1. Tenacity- people cling stubbornly to beliefs or claims because they make “common sense” (ex. Superstition, folklore)2. Authority- certain claims are accepted because someone in a position of authority says that they are true3. A priori method- we use our individual powers of pure reason and logic to know and explain our world4. Scientific method- rules to eliminate bias, on how to study things, getting away from subjectivityCosmologists- Cosmologists study how life began and what matter is made of- Origin in Ancient Greece- Thales- Searched for physis (water) and believed it was okay to question authority- Physis- what these ancient Greeks called the smallest individual part of matter. They believed this to be water- Pythagoras- believed the universe was dualistic (knowable: math and logic; ever changing: sensory information)- Empedocles- Believed there were 4 physis (earth, air, fire, and water)- Democritus- believed everything is made of atoms and atoms obey mechanical laws; reductionistMedicineThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Hippocrates- believed body is made up of 4 fluids, to mirror the idea of 4 physis. (Earth= black bile, Air= yellow bile, Fire= blood, water= plegm)- All disorders are caused by natural factors (ex. Predisposition, injury, imbalance of fluids)Philosophers- Socrates- Searched for essence and sought instances of a concept (ex. Beauty, truth, strength) and tried to find out what they had in common. Looked for objective reality of concept. He was a reductionist, interested in trying to break things down.- Plato- World of forms and dualism. Believed before you are born you live in the world of forms and know all the essences, and then when you are born you lose it all and must try to recover the essences. Everything in the empirical world is a manifestation of a pure form. The interaction of pure forms and the material worlds leads to a diminished copy. All knowledge is innate (from when we were souls in the realm of forms) and can be attained through introspection.- Aristotle- Sought essences, but believed they were to be found by studying nature. He believed if one were to find enough instances of an object or phenomenon, that the essence of it could be inferred. Everything in nature has a cause (called entelechy) and everything develops to fulfill its cause. Passive reason- made use of common sense, everyday kind of decisions, Active reason- used to understand the essences. Engaging in active reason was a human’s entelechy, our cause was to think and wonder. - Aristotle’s Laws of association: 1. Contiguity- we recall things that were experienced with the things we are remembering2. Similarity- we recall things that are similar to the things we are remembering3. Contrast- we recall things that are apposed to the things we are remembering4. Frequency- the more often things are experienced together, the stronger the association (conditioning)Ancient Rome- Galen- First theory of personality. Four personality types bing sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmaticRenaissance Europe- Copernicus- published The Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere in 1543, although his theory was mostly complete in 1515 due to religious forces suppressing his ideas. The work contained his heliocentric theory. The heliocentric theory challenged Church doctrine and our vision of humans’ place in the universe. It could only be understood bymathematicians and astronomers. His work ushered in the age of modern science.- Galileo- An astronomer that believed the working of the universe could only be understood through the use of mathematics. The law of the universe existed beyond therealm of the senses and could only be found through math. Objective reality: unchangeable and absolute, subjective reality: unique to each individual. Consciousness could not be studied scientifically because it was subjective reality. - Francis Bacon- Radical empiricist: trusted only direct observation, no math, no reasoning, no hypothesis (positivism). Nature could only be understood through direct observation. Advanced science based on induction (only gather your own data and comeup with an understanding, no drawing your own conclusions). His positive approach is largely ignored in


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BU PSYC 344 - History of Research Methods

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