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CU-Boulder PSYC 3684 - Prenatal Development

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PSYC 3684 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. Macrosystem and DevelopmentII. Poverty and AffluenceIII. Luther and Latendresse 2005 StudyOutline of Current Lecture II. Prenatal DevelopmentIII. Teratogens and their effectsCurrent LecturePrenatal DevelopmentStages of Prenatal DevelopmentGerminal Stage (from conception- 2 weeks)- Zygote  single fertilized egg- Cleave  miotic division of zygote into many cells- Biastocyst: hollow ball, differentiationo Inner cell mass: inner ball of cells and develop into embryoo Trophoblast: outer layer of cells develop into support systemso ImplantationEmbryonic Stage (2-8 weeks)Support structure:Amniotic Fluid: surrounds and protects embryo- maintains normal temperature for embryoPlacenta: filter and barrier that is connected by umbilical cordUmbilical Vein: nutrients and oxygen from mother- can get rid of toxins in bloodstreamThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- links placenta to embryoEmbryonic Stage continued:- organogenesis + body structures formed in priminite form3 weeks  neural tube developes4 weeks  head and heart beat5 weeks  buds and legs and arms form5 weeks  hands and feet form7 weeks  fingers and toes form8 weeks  organs in forms (lungs, skin)Principles of Prenatal DevelopmentProximodistal= inner to outer (heart beat forms first)Cephalocaudal= top to bottom (head forms first)Mass-to-Specific= gross/larger to fine and complex things (leads form before feet)Fetal Stage (9 weeks- 38 weeks)- growth and brain development- refinement of primitive organ systems- 9 weeks- bone harden- 10 weeks- breathing - 12 weeks- sex organs are visible in ultrasounds- 16 weeks- feel fetal movement in belly- 20 weeks- hair grows- 23 weeks- age of viability and survival out of womb develops- 24 weeks- fetus sucks and swallows- 25 weeks- eyes and ears are working- 33 weeks- brain is becoming fullTeratogens EffectsTeratogens: exogenous agents that interrupt biological development in the womb (drugs, alcohol)Barker Hypothesis: prenatal exposure to adversity and hardships has implications for poor physical and emotional healthTeratogenic Effects:Caffeine: miscarriage and low birth rateTobacco: abnormal growth of placenta, low birth weight, low IQ, irritability, hearing defecits, cancer, SIDS, asthmaPassive and second hand smoking is also problematicAlcohol: crosses placenta- enters fetus’ blood stream and the fetus has less capacity to filter out alcohol out of their system so it stays in their blood for a longer period of timePrenatal Effects:- Hepper (2002, 2007, 2012) fetus of moms who drink have decreased activity level and decreased startle responses suggesting it effects the central nervous systemPostnatal Effects:- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder  cognitive impairmentFetal alcohol syndrome:- distinctive physical facial features, retarted physical growth, cognitive deficits, mental retardationFacial Features (FAS): Wide eyes, extra skin over the eyes, small upper lipBinge drinking is way worse for the fetus but drinking in moderation can be equally badFetal Alcohol Effects:Occurs if mom drinks only moderately during pregnancyFathers use of alcohol can also influence the genetic outcome of the spermStress - last exogenous Mom  increased motor activity in fetus, behavior issues, low birth weights, premature deliveries, schizophrenia, adrenaline crosses placenta in fetusDad  epigenetic effectsDietz et al 2011-Social defeat paradigm in male mice  bigger mouse attacks the small one then glass is put in between them so that the little mouse can see big one without being hurt  the little mouse gets VERY stressed out.Even if little mouse doesn’t get depressed or stressed because of it their kids are likely to- stress endured by little mouse may permanently influence their DNALow Birth Weigh:- less than 5.5 poundso language, cognitive impairment, delayed motor skillso hyperactivityo drop out of school moreo effects can be moderated by postnatal development5 Principles of Teratogenic Effects –> correlational- dose-response relationo more teratogen makes more risks- sleeper effectso impact may not be clear for many months example) DES was given to help prevent miscarriages but then babies who grew up had greater risks of cancer- Damage depends on time of exposureo Germinal  spontaneous abortiono Embryonic  CNS and limb damageo Fetal  higher order cognitive


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