BIO 172 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 10Lecture 1 (January 7) Major Aspects of Biology, Development of Cell TheoryWhat explains both the Unity and Diversity of Life? Please explain the unity of life and then the diversity of life:Evolution. The unity of life is how biological systems function, including the underlying principles that allow many components in a system to operate successfully.The diversity of life is composed of the many different parts of a system.What are the properties of living things? Describe each.Order: Spacing of plants in an ecosystem.Utilizing Energy: All cells must take in nutrients and convert it to energy.Response: How living things responds to changes, like bacteria reacting to chemicals.Reproduction: Living things reproduce.Evolution: Beneficial traits selected for through reproduction.Explain Cell theory:A cell is the lowest level in the hierarchy of biological organization that can perform all of the activities required for life.A living thing is an entity that acquires energy from its surroundings and is capable of reproducing, passing on hereditary (genetic) information, and evolving.Development of Cell Theory-- Aristotle proposed the concept of “cell” before first cells were seen and he concluded there must be an ultimate unit of life.- The first view of cells was recorded by Robert Hooke’s drawing from 1665. Hooke lookedat oak bark (wood) under a crude microscope, and named the cavities “cells.” The pattern he saw looked like honeycomb.- Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria under a crude microscope of his own creation in 1684. He noted that the bacteria looked and moved like “little animals” in a pepper infusion he studied.- In 1839, Theodor Schwann proposed that all organisms are composed of cells.- Rudolf Virchow and Louis Pasteur – In 1858 they hypothesized that all cells come from pre-existing cells; there is no such thing as spontaneous generation of cells.Lecture 2 (January 9) What are the four parts of cell theory?Cells are the structural unit of life.Cells are the functional unit of life.All cells are fundamentally similar.Cells always come from preexisting cells.How did Redi and Pasteur show that spontaneous generation of cells did not happen?Redi found that maggots must have come from dead flies that landed on meat.Pasteur saw that sterile liquid that was not exposed to the air stayed sterile; where micro-organisms would grow in unsterilized liquid, or in liquid that was exposed to those microorganisms.Explain the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:During the process of reproduction/evolution, traits that could be inherited may provide a fitness advantage of one individual in that species over another. That fitness advantage might allow said individual to reproduce more, and therefore the inheritable trait is continued.Rules for Natural Selection:1. Individuals in a population must have some heritable traits that are different from one another.2. These differing traits must be advantageous, so that the individuals with those traits must survive and reproduce better than those without the advantageous trait.Name the three domains of life?Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes. (Bacteria and Archaea are Prokaryotes because they lack a nucleus).The Scientific Method:A FACT is an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed. A testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations is a HYPOTHESIS. Works as a proposed explanation for something.A LAW is a descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances. A law describes how and why something happens.THEORIES are overarching explanations of some aspect of the natural world, and a theory is wellsubstantiated. It contains facts, laws, inference, and testes hypotheses.Review of Basic Chemistry:Atomic Number: the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.Element: atoms with the same atomic number and that have the same chemical properties.Isotopes: forms of an element with a differing number of neutrons, and the same number of protons.Mass Number: the sum of how many protons and neutrons are in the most common isotope of that element.Electron Shells: the level of orbital. Electrons in the outermost shell are called Valence Electrons.Lecture 3 (January 12)Briefly describe the five basic types of bonds:Covalent Bonds: two atoms evenly share a pair of electrons. Non Polar.Polar Covalent Bonds: atoms share electrons, but unevenly. H2O for example, the Oxygen pulls the electrons closer to itself because it is more electronegative than Hydrogen (because it has more protons in its nucleus than Hydrogen), giving Oxygen a partial Neg. charge and Hydrogen apartial Pos. charge.Ionic Bonds: Electronegative atom takes an electron from another atom, completely transferringthe electron. Each atom now holds a full charge.Hydrogen Bonds: Partial charge (pos) on a hydrogen atom attracts the partial negative charge of another atom. These bonds are weak but with many, a molecule can be stabilized. H bonds formin proteins and nucleic acids.Chemical Bonds: Van der Waals forces: happen between atoms that are slightly attracted to each other’s charge. Important in hydrophobic interactions.Why is liquid water denser than ice?Liquid water has bonds that interact as Polar Covalent bonds (H-O), because Oxygen is more electronegative. The hydrogen bonding that occurs is very random in liquid water, and all the molecules are closer together. In Ice, a crystal lattice of molecules forms and so they are rigidly laid out due to ordered hydrogen bonding.Identify the Functional Groups listed:Amino- Nitrogen bound to Hydrogen. Acts as a base- attracts a Proton!Carbonyl- either aldehydes or ketones, they react with certain compounds to form larger molecules with two R groups attached to a C, and an OH group and an H attached to the C.Carboxyl- Polar because O is more electronegative. Loses an H when in water.Hydroxyl- OH bound to an R group. Polar. Makes compounds more soluble.Phosphate- Oxygen bound to phosphorous. Several phosphate groups link, and this breaks someof the O-P bonds which releases a lot of energy.Sulfhydryl- Sulfur bound to Hydrogen. When this is in proteins, it can form Disulfide (S-S) bonds that contribute to protein structure.Identify the building blocks of each:Proteins: made of Amino Acid monomers, and many of them create Polypeptide