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BGSU BIOL 2050 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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BIOL 2050 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 6Chapters 1-4Lecture 1 (January 16)Matter and ElementsWhat is the importance of elements? Give some examples of necessary elements.Elements:-An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical reactions. 20-25% of the existing 92 elements are essential for life.Examples of Necessary Elements:96% of living matter:- Carbon- Hydrogen- NitrogenOther 4%- Trace Elements (elements needed in minute quantities)o Calciumo Phosphorous o Potassiumo SulfurStructure of an AtomWhat are the main components of an atom and what are their charges? How are they organized?Atoms-An atom is the smallest of matter that still retains the properties of an element/Subatomic Particles -Neutrons (Neutral charge): located in nucleus (center) of an atom-Protons (Positive Charge): located in the nucleus-Electrons (Negative Charge): located outside the nucleus in what is called an electron cloudLecture 2 (January 21)Isotopes and Energy Levels of ElectronsWhat is an isotope? What is the difference between isotopes and radioactive isotopes and what are some examples?Isotopes-Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons.Radioactive Isotopes-Isotopes that decay spontaneously and give off particles and energy as they decay.Uses-Dating Fossils- Tracing atoms through metabolic processes-Diagnosing medical disordersDefine energy and describe its presence in an atom.Energy: the capacity to cause changePotential Energy: energy that matter has because of its locations and structure-Electron Shell is the energy level of an atom and is an electron’s state of potential energy.-Energy increases while moving further from the nucleusElectron DistributionValence Electrons: the electrons in the outermost shell, or valence shell-determines chemical behavior-elements with a full valance shell are chemically inertDescribe the role that vaccines play and how our society is in danger.Vaccines protect against diseases by allowing the body to build up an immunity to a certain disease by inducing a diluted or dead dose of the disease.Herd Immunity: when 80-90% of the population is vaccinated which causes thoseunable to be vaccinated to be safe from the disease.-People are not getting their children vaccinated because of the false study that showed vaccines lead to autism.-The elderly, infants, and those with compromised immune systems are becoming endangered of catching debilitating diseases.What are the different types of chemical bonds and how do they form?1. Covalent bonds: attractions that hold atoms with incomplete valence shells together when electrons are shared between these atoms.Valence: bonding capacity of an atomElectronegativity: an atom’s attraction for the electron in a covalent bond.Types of Covalent Bonds:1. Nonpolar bonds2. Polar bonds (causes partial positive or negative charge)2. Ionic Bonds: after the transfer of an electron between two atoms, both atoms have charges. These charged atoms are called ions.Cation: positively chargedAnion: Negatively charged3. Weak Bonds-Ionic Bonds-Hydrogen Bonds: when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.-Van der Waals Interactions: attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of a “hot spot”, or collection of positive or negative charges.What are all of the unique properties of water? Why is water important?Importance:Water is a biological mediumCells are 70-90% waterProperties:1. Cohesive and adhesive -reason for surface tension2. Heat Storage3. Ice Formation4. High Heat Vaporization5. Ability to Moderate Temperature- Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air with only a slight change in its own temperature.6. Expansion upon freezing7. Versatility as a solvent-Aqueous solvent: water is the solventWhat are the main differences between acids and bases? What other things react with acids and bases? How do they affect the environment?Differences between acids and bases-Acids: any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution-less than a seven on the pH scale- Bases: any substance that reduces the H+ concentration in a solution- more than a seven on the pH scaleInteractionsBuffers: substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ or OH- in a solution.EnvironmentAcidification-caused by burning fossil fuels -creates CO2- affects ocean life and precipitationDescribe the importance of Carbon and its unique properties.Carbon-backbone of life- has the ability to form complex molecules- has the potential to interact with many elements with four covalent bondsElectron Configuration-four valence electrons- form the skeleton of many organic molecules that vary in length and shape.Isomers: compounds with the same formula but different structure and properties.What are the most important functional groups needed for life?Functional Groups: the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions.1.) Hydroxyl (-OH)2.) Carboxyl (OH-C=O)3.) Carbonyl (C=O)4.) Amino (NH2)5.) Sulfydryl (SH)6.) Phosphate (PO4)7.) Methyl Group:


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