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UVM HST 10 - Mediterranean Empires
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HST 010 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture Outlining fall of Mongol Empire and Rise of MingState of Europe in 13th to 14th CenturyCurrent State of Ottoman EmpireOutline of Current Lecture Growth of Southwestern European Trade in 14th and 15th Century (Iberians)Current LectureLecture 3: European Exploration and Early ColonizationMany reasons for European control/dominate market for certain commodities.Primary early explorers were Iberians Technological Advancement in Naval abilities- Stern and Rudders (particularly in 14th and 15th century) come from contact with China during the time of Mongol control- Use of Multiple masts, rigged with variable sale shape (no longer just square) also lateensale that allows for sailing up wind.- Innovation that allows for creation of the Carrack that was a round bottomed vessel used in north and Mediterranean that allowed for large good movements, It was better for sailing against winds and opposing currents - Caravel was other kind of Innovation made by Portuguese that was better for Atlantic travel (Portuguese would later combine for best of both ship)- Navigational instruments like quadrant, astrolabe, magnetic compass that came to European trade Islamic traders(designed also in China- Navigational charts also being designed, especially portolans that would tell of currents, winds, ports and important information that would be added to by traders and explorersand these would further allow for chart advancement.European Mediterranean ‘empires- The Aragonese ‘empire’ in the Med, c 13000 with ports in the Balearic, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta.- Castilian expansionism led to Reconquista who would push Muslims out of Spaino Ferdinand of Aragorn and Isabella of Castille (1474-1516)o Final conquest of Granada in 1492These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Other Traders were the Venetian and Genoese City Stateso They had ports of trade on the Black Sea that were protected by the Mongols, but this disappeared following the Mongol fall.o With loosing of Silk Road connection, they looked west into the Mediterranean with thetrade of the Iberian Peninsula along with exploration, we know Christopher Columbus, but there were Many.- Lead to Atlantic Tradeo There was a rise in the Ottoman power under Mehmed II (took Constantinople) such action would further diminish Trade for Italian trades.o The slave trade is cut off (these slaves from Crimea and Mongol Golden Horde wars) because the Ottomans do not want to necessarily give them up, this leads to a move to get slaves form Africa.o Additionally there is an increase in price of Asian products as the Ottomans want a cut of the trade.o Ottoman power ‘increase’ makes the Christian countries want for holy war or Crusade. o Many rulers of Christendom, specifically Iberian leaders, want to defeat Ottomans(also Egyptian Mamaluks)o This Crusade Ideology mixed with trade because the trade would allow for profit that could be used to fight the Ottomans.o Use Atlantic to get this money.- Atlantic tradeo First ships begin to travel from the Med to Northern Europe dung 1200s.o Attempt to reach India via the Atlantic by Vivaldi brothers in 1291 (they fail)o The Portuguese and Genoese with men such as Malocello who found the Canaries in 1336, and then Voyages to Madeira and the Azores, 1340o Aragonese again find Canaries in 1340’s (Canaries are contested between Ports and Spain)o The Canaries are taken by Spanish under French Soldiers Bethancourt and de la Salle patroned by the Spanisho The native Guanche are killed and finally enslaved o Canaries taken over, but it takes many years- Portuguese growtho It is easy to make it into the Atlantico Due to Straight of Gibraltor and competitors it does not make sense to go into the Mediterranean.o Furthermore the Portuguese are poor and close to Castilian enemy who they wanted to be able to take.o Furthermore Portugal taken in coup by John I of Avis who wants to legitimize his rule viaa crusade that will be funded by trade (excuse for trade to begin)o Goals are created, take Canaries, control gold trade, colonize Madeira and Azores, grant land to followers.o These worked on by Prince Henry the Navigator (1460) and started with the capture of Ceuta in 1415 from the Muslims.o The results of Prince Henry’s exploits following Ceuta, the Portuguese take control of gold trade, growing of sugar cane causing enrichment, (also begin to grow sugar on Islands off coast of Africa) this sugar allows for sugar enhanced wines that enrich theiraccess to wine trade, this connection also pushes for increases in slave trade and creates the foundation for its growth.- King John II r. 1481-95o Sao Jorge Island owning allows for the taking control of slave trade.o Portuguese still want a crusade so they look for an alliance with non-European Christians to make war on Islam. Ethiopia was this kingdomo Ethiopians were black but the racism was not in existenceo They thought that this was home of Christian figure PresterJohn(fake guy)o Led to enrichment with link to Indian Ocean.o This was started with a partial voyage by Bartolomeu Dias, 1477-88o Complete trip made under Vasco de Gama, 1497-99o They make it to India and get a ton of spiceso Portugal can see that this process will make huge profito This exploration led to the initial founding of Brazil which was found by the navigation error by Pedro Alvares de Cabral.o Brazil then used for wood that could be used for dye, and also to grow sugar beginning the slave trade across the Atlantic- Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494o Between Portugal and Castilians for east and west across Atlantic.- Castilian Expansionsimo Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)o Started specialty store of books and mapso Christopher Columbus read the works of many like Marco polo and John Mandevilleo He starts to have beliefs about the world that are not true like there is a small globe andthat Asia is big. He also thinks there are many Christians there and that the Khan is still presento He takes his ideas to many kingdoms including Spain and is told no. Tries again followingdefeat of Granada and Spanish Monarchy says okay. o He sails West thinking he will reach China in no time, but he never does, instead he reached the Americaso He immediately starts to take slaves.- Portuguese Tradeo Establish posts in Hormuz,


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UVM HST 10 - Mediterranean Empires

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