BIOL 117 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Cell Theory A. Two basic types of cells2. Cell Size ad Microscopy3. Cell Structure and Function 4. Anatomy of Celli. Plasma Membrane ii. Movement across the plasma membrane a. Simple diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion c. Osmosisd. Active transport 5. Endocytosisi. Phagocytosisii. Pinocytosis VIII. Exocytosis Outline of Current Lecture I. Organelles - Nucleus- Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi complex - Lysosomes - Mitochondria II. Cytoskeleton - Microtubules (thickest)- Intermediate FilamentsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Microfilaments (thinnest)Current LectureOrganelles – separate compartments where specific chemical processes critical to the life of thecell are carried out. These compartments are membrane-bound organelles that have different functions. Organelles include- Nucleus contains almost all the genetic information of a cell (genetic CEO) i. DNA- within the nucleus controls cellular structure and function because It contains code for the production of proteins. ii. Nuclear envelope- surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasmiii. Nuclear pores – an opening in the envelop that allows communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm occur iv. Chromosome – genetic information within the nucleus threadlike structure made of DNA. Individual chromosomes are visible during cell division, when they shorten and condense. At all other times, the genetic material is dispersed and called chromatic. v. Nucleolus (vise president) – specialized region within the nucleus forms and disassembles during the course of the cell cycle. It’s not surrounded by a membrane but simply a region where DNA is gathered to produce a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA- component of ribosomes, which are sites where protein synthesis begins. - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is continuous with the nuclear membrane and consists of two regions: i. Rough ER – has ribosomes attached to its surface and modifies proteins made by the ribosomes. Proteins made in the RER will be incorporated into membrane or secreted by the cell. Proteins- Golgi for “finishing” packaging process. ii. Smooth ER – lacks ribosomes and detoxifies certain drugs and produces phospholipids for incorporation into membrane. (liver cells which detoxifies alcohol and other drugs)- Golgi apparatus – protein processing and packaging center. It receives “packages” from RER, fuse with its membrane, empty their contents inside. The route by which protein-filled vesicles from the RER travel to the Golgi complex from processing and eventual release. Proteins released to either plasma membrane for export or to become membrane proteins. - Lysosome- formation and function in intracellular digestion. Lysosome are roughly spherical organelles consisting a single membrane packed with about 40 different digestive enzymes. Destroys anything that the cell does not need (policecontrol)- Mitochondrion – provides energy, the organelle where most of cellular respiration occurs. (Power house of energy). It is bounded by a double membrane. The inner and outer membrane creates two separate compartments that serve as sites for some of the reactions in cellular respiration. Cristae the infoldings of the inner membrane which is the last phase of cellular respiration. Cytoskeleton- complex network of fibers. The fibers are divided into 3 types: - Microtubules – are straight, hollow rods made of the protein tubulus. Maintain cell shape, form tracks along which organelle or vesicles travel and separate chromosomes during cell division. Cilia numerous, short extensions on a cell that move with the back –forth motion ( ear hears) - Microfilaments - are solid rods made of the protein actin. Best known for their role in muscle contraction, cell division, forming a band that contracts and pinches the cell in two- Intermediate filaments - are a diverse group of ropelike fibers helping to maintain cell shape and anchoring certain organelles in