BIOH 370 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture Syllabus ReviewOutline of Current Lecture I. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System(hormones)A. Feedback Loops II. Endocrine Glandsa. Where in bodyIII. Classification of Hormonesa. Circulatory Hormonesb. Local Hormonesi. Paracrinesii. AutocrinesIV. Hormone ActivityV. Negative/ Positive Feedback LoopsVI. Lipid-Soluble vs. Water-Soluble HormonesCurrent LectureAnatomy and Physiology II Lecture 2: Endocrine System Day 1I. Nervous System vs. Endocrine System (hormones) *Know examples of stimulus, controlled condition, receptors, control center, effectors and response the feedback loops of endocrine system events.*Control Center in Endocrine System: Pituitary gland and HypothalamusTogether the Nervous System and Endocrine System (hormones) control homeostasis in the body.** Review Nervous System from last semester**Many Neurotransmitters are also hormonesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.** Study this chart:Review of Nervous System: all catecholamines (i.e Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) are controlled by Chromaffin cells from Medulla Oblongata.II. Endocrine Glands: 1. Thyroid: hormones control metabolic rate hormones= t3/t4 and calcitoninhypo(too little thyroid hormones)=causes obesity, hair to be brittle, extra amounts of sweathyper(too much thyroid hormones)= lose weight, hard time sleeping, eye bulge, anxious,irritable2.Parathyroid gland: Calcium regulator3.Thymus: immunity - T cells4. Adrenal Gland: on top of kidneys-release cortisols5. Pancreas: both an endocrine and exocrine gland6. Gonads(ovaries/testis): important in reproductive functions- estrogen, progesterone, testosteroneIII. Classification of Hormones:Hormones can be classified by how they get to their target cell or organ:1. Circulatory: the MOST common-travel from one hormone through blood/interstitial fluid to another receptor cell (like a game of telephone) until it gets to its target cell/organ -hormone= ligand to receptor2. Local Hormones:-Paracrines: hormones pass in very close proximity (don’t travel through blood)-Autocrines: hormone acts on itself (mostly used in immune system)IV. Hormone Activity• Hormones traveling throughout the body will only affect target cells that possess specificprotein receptors.• Receptors are continually being synthesized and broken down.• *by changing the concentration in a cell, they can change receptors (proteins) for certainhormones • Receptors may be down-regulated in the presence of high concentrations of hormone.• Receptors may be up-regulated in the presence of low concentrations of hormone.• Exogenous administration of some hormones can decrease the endogenous production of those hormones.• Birth control pills: birth control down regulates receptors because there is an excess amount of hormones (estrogen or progesterone)- when too much of one of these hormones in cell, this concentration difference will cause the receptors to down regulate• Goserlin acetate (GnRH agonist): Gerlin acetate (GnRH agonist) helps make testosterone=chemically castrateV. Feedback Loops:Hormones are secreted in short bursts when needed.Secretion is regulated by:– Signals from the nervous system– Chemical changes in the blood– Other hormonesMost are negative feedback loopsSome are positive feedback loopsExamples:A.Blood pressure control: - negative feedback loop- Controlled condition: high blood pressure- Receptors: baroreceptors (receptors that sense pressurechanges) sense change in pressure in blood vessels- Use nervous system to send signals to control center inbrain- Effector= the blood vessels vasodilate causing a decreasein blood pressure=responseB. Positive feedback loop –only positive feedback loop used in humanbodies-Produces oxytocin(hormone) during childbirth causing contractions in the muscles of the uterine wall which pushes the baby further down and puts pressure on cervix so the cervix will openVI. Lipid-soluble vs. Water-soluble Hormones1. Lipid Soluble:- Water and fats don’t mix- *study this chart-Require protein transporters-these hormones can move freely through plasma membrane(so don’t need a receptor) and the nucleus-need a transport protein (chaperones or transporters) because they can’t mix with water. The chaperones/transporters encompass the hormone as it moves through the cell.*a single hormone induces a single response2. Water-Soluble Hormones:-require receptors on plasma membrane-DON’T require a transporter/chaperone because can dissolve in water-use G PROTEIN SIGNALING- ** Study