CLAS 1061 Week 6 Notes“All hail Caesar!” – The 1st triumvirate and the End of the Republic- Is this system doomed to fail?Pompey vs. Crassus?- Consularship of 70 BCE- Crassus: overshadowed by Pompey- Pompey: conquered the Mediterranean before and for SullaMarcus Tullius Cicero vs. Lucius Sergius Catalina (63 BCE)- Cicero: Novus homo, rose to power quickly because he was very educated and literate; he made his living as a lawyer basically; he was willing to take on the hardest law cases because of who they were prosecuting; instances where he went up against Sulla; he won these law cases but managed to do in such a charismatic way so those he prosecuted didn’t come after him early on; rose to power by running against Catalina in 63 BCE- Catalina started to do very immoral things once he lostMarcus Tullius Cicero (106 – 43 BCE)- “At two crises in the drama of the dying Roman Republic the leading part fell to Cicero. But the immortality for which he always hungered is due to what he wrote rather than to what he did, and largely to the sheer bulk and variety of his writings. He was not one of literature’s creative giants.” – D.R. Shackleton Bailey- Outspoken against the breakout of the republic- Pointing out individuals that were going to make the Roman Republic fall apart, however in a lot of ways he was probably right- Known for transcribing his court casesA lawyer’s 1st case- It is 81 BE and Sulla is reorganizing the state and proscribing his enemies- During the proscriptions a wealthy citizen of America is murdered on the streets of Rome on his way home after a dinner party- Part of the man’s property goes to 2 of his relatives, but the bulk of his estate ends up on the hands of an influential freedman of Sulla who managed to get the man’s name put on the lists.- There is an uproar in the man’s home town of America, and the villains decide that his son and true heir, Sextus Roscius, has to be eliminated- So they frame him for the murder- Cicero takes the case, a risky business. But he manages the case delicately and secures an acquittal for Roscius without offending Sulla- Then he leaves town…Cicero leaves to an island for a few months so he isn’t killed- Sulla is in his late 50s and Cicero was 25Prosecution of Verres 70 BCE (Against Verres 2.3.7-8)The Catilinarian Conspiracy (63 – 62 BCE)- Spring: Catiline promises his supporters general cancellation of debts, ‘proscription’ of the wealthy, and the rewards of the office- July: catiline defeated again for the consulship- Autumn: the coup is planned, armed insurrection in Tuscany, where Catiline is raising troops- Oct 21: Senatus consultum ultimum (effectively martial law) gives Cicero a free hand- Nov 5: 1st Catilinarian oration, calling on Catiline to go into exile- Dec 5: Allobrogan envoys arrested with incriminating letters. Arrest of Lentulus and conspirators in Rome- Dec 5: Debate in the Senate. Execution of the conspirators on vote of Senate, without legal precedent- January: Catiline and his insurgents defeated and killed near PistoiaCicero was able to upend the legal system that had been in place for 60-80 years. The Catilinarian Speeches- Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate- Cicero attacks Catilina, from a 19th century fresco in Palazzo Madama, RomeCicero decides- His downfall was that he ran his mouth too often- “We shall never know what private hesitations Cicero set foot on the fatal ladder…”- Cicero had a lot of opportunities presented to him- He had the option to be the triumvirate- Influential on roman culture- Cicero was considered to be a part of the 1st triumvirate, outspoken against Caesar (never liked him or what he will become)- After Caesar was assassinated, the 2nd triumvirate was formed- Cicero hated Antony and spoke out against him regularly to the point where Antony has him killedGnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)1. Born 106 BCE, took the cognomen ‘the Great’ in 81 BCE after victories for Sulla in Africa2. Put down the uprising of Sertorius in Spain 77 BCE3. Cleared the Mediterranean of pirates 67 BCE4. Defeated Mithridates and settled the eastern provinces 63 BCE5. ??He built the Theater of Pompey (61 – 55 BCE)- Didn’t want a huge complex for himself, he wanted to build something for the people- Located in Rome (Campus Martius)- We still have pieces of the theater left on the marble map- Crucial to roman culture because until this point in Rome, a permanent theatrical structure had never existed- They didn’t want a place for the mob to congregate at- By doing so, this elevated pompey- Discussed as the 8th hill of Rome- 1st theater to implement the Roman theater designMarcus Licinius Craccus1. Follower of Sulla, made a great fortune in the proscriptions2. Defeated Sartacus (72 – 71 BCE), but Pompey claimed credit3. Embarked (55 BCE) on a war of conquest against the Parthians. Defeated at Carrhae (53 BCE), killedtogether with his son- Most wealthy individual in Rome, the senate often turned to him to build things or for fundingGaius Julius Caesar1. Populism, debt relief, consularship (59 BCE)2. Command of Gaul: 58 – 54 BCE, extended to 54 – 49 BCE3. “crossing the Rubicon”: the die is cast (his most definitive moment)4. Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE)5. 5 triumphs of 45: “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered)6. Reforms: citizenship, colonies, calendar7. [declares himself] Perpetual dictator (February 44 BCE): conspirators Brutus and Cassius fear a monarchy8. Assassination on March 15, 44 BCE (the Ides of March)Optimates vs. Populares- Pompey remained an optimate- Caesar tried to appeal to the people, he was a populareThe 1st Triumvirate- A political alliance: mutual benefits1. Crassus wants consulship, Pompey wants land for veterans, Caesar wants debt relief2. Pompey and Crassus consuls 70 BCE and 55 BCE3. Cicero’s opposition:a. Prosecutes Verresb. Catiline’s Conspiracy 63 BCEc. Clodius’ Trial > exileThe “3-headed Monster”- Kicking out Cato in *59 BCE- Caesar – consul and Pontifex Maximuso Political prowesso Reforms mandates of Sulla, Marius, and the like- Pompey and Crassus – beneficiaries- Pompey marries Caesar’s daughter, Julia- Prosecuting Caesar’s consulship?o Command in Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul58 – 56 BCE- Clodius’ Tribunate 58 BCEo The wavering triumvirateo Uneasiness / distrusto Cyprus goes from Egypt to Rome (Cato’s back in the picture)o Outlawing execution without trial- Cicero flees