CLAS 1061 Week 5 NotesThe Rise of Sulla: Social War, Civil War, Slave Revolts, and Murder…- The rich get richer, and the Roman soldier is left to suffer- (widening the gap between rich and poor)Optimates vs. Populares- As this system develops, the republic is very much at a declineJugurthine Wars (112 – 105 BCE)- 2 external conflicts that occur that allow Marius and Sulla to rise to power- Roman Conquest and the Rise of New Eliteso *Gaius Marius 107 BCEo *Lucius Cornelius Sulla (quaestor) 105 BC, gets to celebrate the triumph of the Jugurthine Wars and this makes Marius madCimbri and Teutones (113 – 101 BCE)- Marius’ military reforms and innovations - Successfully gets rid of them and greatly reformats the militaryMarius (157 – 86 BCE)- Novus homo- Not of noble birth so he had problems climbing the political ladder- Equites- Praetor in 115 BCE- Governorship in Further Spain (not a well-established place at this point)- Marries Julius Caesar’s aunt- Rewarding Veterans – controversy (big campaign movement)o Wants them to be loyal and allegiant to him in case they need to go back to war againo Land ownership, citizenship…o He was trying to take some of the land and give it back to the Veterans which led to a great dispute- Siding with the Senate or Saturninus (Marius stabs him in the back, someone who he was politically aligned with)- In 99 BCE?Lucius Apuleius Saturninus (death 100 BCE)- Much more aggressive in his tactics- Provincial land to the Veterans, not the consular Senate- Gaius Servilius Glaucia – Consul (99 BCE)- Friend or foe of Marius- Senate’s Ultimate Decree (named him a public enemy)- Caught and held in the Senate House, but the mob tore off the roof tiles and battered them to death- Marius barely avoids political assassination at this point but by siding with the senate, he stabs his friends in the back and eventually becomes consulLex Provinciae- Governor’s Supreme Power – original 146 BCE- Was supposed to give the governor Supreme Power- How do we govern the provinces at this point? –Senate- (naïve in thinking this would work—by putting a roman in control)- Uncomfortable dealing with native non-Greek or Latin speakers…- Corrupt and often motivated by greenMarcus Livius Drusus (91 BCE)- In office less than a year before he was assassinated- Attempted to walk a line between the Optimates and Populares- Should have been an optimate but he was more on the populares side- Sought to please everyone and pleased no one- Law courts- Juries- Senate vs. Equiteso Senate didn’t want the equites having the political freedomo Equites didn’t want it because they knew if they were on the same playing level as the Senate, they’d get prosecuted - Land distribution (reanalyzing laws), attempted to - Assassination - Why is this important? The assassination sparks some very important wars (Social Wars)o His 2 platforms had to do with political power and land distributionSocial War (91 – 87 BCE)- Failed Provincial Politics fuel the fire- Primarily on the Italian peninsula that did not live in the 35miles stretch across Lacium, rallied together against Rome because they wanted to be citizens- Corrupt governance and powero Right to punish via immediate execution (no jury)o Governance in charge of tax collectiono Roman governance via military forceo Displaced soldiers become loyal to provincial governors and generalso Are these provinces truly Roman?- The Provinces turn on their roman counterpartso Upset the checks and balances being imposedo Irritated that the Senate proposes *land distribution in the provinces to retired veteranso The debate over *Roman citizenship…- Legislation to discipline corrupt governorso Gaius Gracchus, Cato the Elder, Caesar, etc.o BUT the governor must be out of office in order to be put on trialo They’re fighting to be romans… not Etruscans, or for freedom. Ignorant.Citizenship won in 90 BCE- Harsh penalties for those holding out- Now roman citizens, now they can vote! But they didn’t get any land. If you were an adult male that was free you could vote in both local and if you were in Rome, public assemblies as well.- It sparked some crucial individual’s political careers…- Cicero, Pompey, and Catilineo Military roles- Full-scale civil conflict and its affects- Latin language spreads as well (only language recognized in the Italian peninsula)The pursuit for power and political office- Republic ,minted 80 BCE- Obverse: bare head of bearded King Tatius SABIN behind, TA in monogram before- Reverse: two roman soldiers running, each bearing a Sabine woman in his arms (the rape of the Sabine women), l. titvri IN EXERGUE- Used these to boost their political authorityLucius Cornelius Sulla (138 – 78 BCE)- Marius’ Quaestor in Jugurthinian War (107 BCE)- Allotted command against King Mithridates of Pontus- As Consul, suspends public business – reaction to Tribune Sulpicius Rufus’ mob in 88 BCEo Tensions rise between Marius and Sulla- Commands Roman garrison in Nola – a final hold out of the Social WarsMarius vs. Sulla (rising political and military tensions)- Once comrades, now enemies…- Sulla was once Marius’ Quaestoro Sulla comes from an old Patrician family, but not recently distinguishedo Marius = Novus homoo Neither seem Optimate- Sulla takes credit for Jugurtha…o Marius’ proscriptions (hit lists put on public display)o Marius supports Rufus in striping Sulla of his Mithridatic commando How does a Tribune take precedent over a Consul?- Moment where we see the republic completely collapsing…- Sulla’s 1st March on Rome 88 BCEo The loyalty of his men in Nolao Their reliance on an Eastern campaign (Sulla immediately sets out)o Surprise attack on Marius, Sulpicius, and the Senate (one dies, one flees)- At this point, individuals are loyal to their generals and that’s it- *Which man is truly in the right? Why does Sulla leave with enemies clearly in positions of power at Rome?Cinna’s Rule (87 – 84 BCE)- Takes up the citizenship among the 35 tribes initiativeo Never accomplished but passes a new 25% debt return to patrons- Cinna and Marius (self-appointed consuls in 86 BCE)- Slaves and Samnites as mercenaries- Bloody purging of opponents and enemies within Rome- Sulla banished from Rome an declared a Public Enemy- Word that Sulla intended to return home in 84 BCE- Cinna killed on the coast of the Adriatic preparing to meet Sulla in battle in the Greek EastMarius vs. Mithridates- Dies of perhaps