CLAS 1061 Class 1 Noteswww.travisrupp.com & D2LThe Beginnings of RomeCivilizations of Ancient World: 3500 BCE  500 ADwww.mapsofwar.com/imagesEMPIRE17.swf- 753 BCE, founding date of Rome- People existed in Italy prior to Roman occupation but people were very archaicAncient Italy (Pre-Roman)- Circa 4000 BCEo Agriculture / domesticationo Settlements < 100o Egalitariano Trade and travelo Strongest men ruled- Circa 1000 – 900 BCEo Iron Age (using more precious stones and metals)o Concept of wealth?o Individual power?o Material value?o Settlements > 100o Grave sites (permanent cemeteries)- What drives people together?- Does gold have a value?Major chronological periods- Regal Period (753 – 510 BCE)- Republic (510 – 31 BCE)- High Empire (*31 BCE – AD 284)- Late Empire (AD 284 – 476)Regal Period- Trade going on across Mediterranean- Greeks spreading and Phoenicians grew wealthy and spread westwardo Greeks: northern part of Mediterraneano Phoenicians: southern part of Mediterranean- The Journey of Odysseus (Home, The Odyssey, 725 – 675 BCE)- Magna Graeciao Greek cities, trade routes across Mediterranean  southern peninsula of Italyo Northern Italy: Etruscans Elaborate and beautiful art, sarcophagi, tombs- Tholos (tholoi, pl.): underground tombs where we find images of conquest and waro Thriving 7th – 3rd century BCE- Central Italy: Latium- Rome: good location for a port city- Campania (Greek city-states)Establishing “Rome”- Class structure (upper and lower class, no middle)o Client / patrono Debt system established (people indebted to patrons to survive)- Organized religion and permanent temple structures (1st: Temple to Jupiter)- Etrusia to the north, Sicily and Greek --- to the south- Fortifications: walls and trenches (defense)o Nucleation- Hoplite imagery?o Style of warfare depicted on pottery- Greek myth – vases- Domestication of grapes and olives (specific to Greek east, now in Italy)- Salt (Rome is located north of largest salt region in the Mediterranean)- Roman kings?o Regulating trade- Wine and oil export and storageo 7th – 6th century BCE: Etrusia- Forum Borarium: trade of cattle, one of the earliest structures to be built- Greek cultural influence (symposium)o Greek culture on Roman vasesEarly Rome- 7 hills of Rome (see book)o Not permanent structures established, wooden structures separate tribes that went to war with each other prior to Regal Period- Capitol and Palatine: 2 hills where Rome startso Valley between them: location of Roman Forum- Eastern Origins: Aeneas (circa 1200 BCE)- The Journey of Aeneas (sent by the Gods to find a city, Rome) see The Aeneid by Virgil- Aeneaso He is a Trojano Sails to Latium where Rome is foundedo Kills king of Alba Longa and takes over- Rome is founded upon violence- Rome’s Eponymous Founder: Romulus (1st king of Rome)o (story of twins; Remus and Romulus)o The legend of the twinso A society founded on violence and fratricideSeven kings of Rome1. Romulus2. (best) Numa omilius3. Tullus Hostilius4. Aneus Marcius5. Lucius Targuinius Priscus6. Servius Tallius7. Lucius Taquinius Superbus- #5-7 were Etruscans- Never chose kings from Latium6th century BCE: Rome – population of 35,000 people, 300 sq mi- Foreign relations?- Foreign kings?- Ancient Italy at Waro From 500 – 218 BCE, Rome conquers entire Italian peninsulaEarly Italian Warfare- Non-standardized- Gens, gentes- Tribal loyalty- Wealth as a means to military participation- Societal Class stratification – military rule- Classis = “those summoned” [by the military] upper class- Infra classes = “below those summoned”  lower class- Greek hoplite and phalanxPermanent structures:- Etruscan temple at Veii, circa 500 BCE- Greek temples (Poseidonia) Paestum at southern Italy, circa 50 BCE- 1st permanent structures: 509 BCE, Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (Etruscan and Greek architecture)- Cloaca Maxima (great drain): solve systems to deal with disease and marshes- Removal of hut-based communities in 6th century BCE- Forum Romanum & Circus Maximus: early Rome before 300 BCEo Establish religion and political structures- Regia (625 BCE): Etruscan palace at Muslo- Lapis NigerThe Rise of the Republic (510 BCE)- Overthrow of the monarchy (510 – 509 BCE)o Tarquinius Superbus overthrown by Lucius Iunius Brutus and fellow aristocratso Beginning of loud conflict between Patricians and PlebeiansAssemblies1. Centuriate (comitia centuriata)a. Composition: all adult male citizens organized by military-style unitsb. Function: election of censors, consuls praetors; declaration of war and peace; ratification of treaties; hear appeals on capital changes; legislation2. Tribal (comitia tribute)a. Composition: all adult male citizens organized by tribeb. Function: election of aediles, quaestors, lower magistrates and members of special commissions; legislation3. Plebeian (coneilium plebis)a. Composition: Plebeian male citizensb. Function: election of tribunes; chief legislative body (passage of plebiscita)- Dictators and “Decemviri”The Struggle of the Orders- 1st secession of the Plebs (494 BCE) they move to the Aventine and refuse to fight; they join concessions: the council of the plebs and office of Tribunes- 12 Tables (450 BCE): actual written code; limited to civil law (no constitutional law no religious law)o See table I & IVMagistrates (cursus honorum)- Censoro Highest political officeo 2 elected every 5 yearso Prerequisites: consulshipo Term of office: 18 monthso Performed the census; audited state funds; in charge of public morals- Consulo CEOo 2 elected annuallyo Prereq: practorshipo Presided over Senate and assemblies; proposed legislation- Praetoro Individual officerso 8 elected annuallyo Prereq: quaestorshipo Served as provincial governors, military commanders; proposed legislation- Quaestoro Lowest of major magistrateso 20 elected annuallyo Finance- Aedileo 4 elected annuallyo In charge of public entertainment and gameso City management- Tribuneso 10 elected annually to represent Plebeiano Proposed legislation and presided over Plebeian assemblyo Any tribune could veto any piece of legislationArch. Of Republican Government- The Senateo Composition: 300 memberso Function: finance, admin of provinces, assignment of military commands and provincial governorships; advisors to magistrates; admin of public landsPatricians vs. Plebeians in politics and religion- Portonaccio Temple at Veii: circa 500 BCE- Plebeian Secession – Tribuni Plebis vs.