Lecture 4 Ecosystem Services: Water ResourcesQuestions for Today:Figure 12.61 Reviving a Dead RiverPowerPoint PresentationWater, water Everywhere?Slide 6Slide 7Where’s the water?Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Where is much of Georgia getting their water? ACT & ACF River Basins in GeorgiaGeorgia Growth videoSlide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Who are the players in the Tri State War?Water scarcity will be an on on-going issue in Georgia, in part because of droughtsSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Lecture 4Ecosystem Services: Water Resources•ECOL 1000: Ecological Basis of Environmental Issues•University of Georgia•Spring 2015Questions for Today:•What are some causes and consequences for water scarcity globally?•What specific water problems is Georgia facing?•How do we arrive at sustainable, long-term solutions to address these on-going scarcity issues?© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 12.61 Reviving a Dead RiverWhat's your favorite river? Here's a story about mineBy John D. Sutter, CNNupdated 10:43 AM EDT, Sat July 5, 2014Editor's note: John D. Sutter is a columnist for CNN Opinion and creator of CNN's Change the List project. Follow him on Twitter, Facebook or Google+. E-mail him at [email protected]. The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author.San Francisco (CNN) -- Three weeks and about 400 miles ago, I started a trip down the "most endangered" river in the United States, California's San Joaquin. The underloved river is born in the Sierra Nevada and snakes across one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world, California's Central Valley.I finished that journey -- which mostly involved kayaking, but also a fair bit of walking, since the San Joaquin runs dry for about 40 miles -- on Friday beneath the Golden Gate Bridge here in San Francisco.It was a moment I'll always remember: that behemoth, cardinal-red bridge towering overhead, clanging in the wind, the distant roar of traffic, water rushing through a 1.7-mile channel that drains about 40% of this country-sized state's land area. The ocean tossed the kayak around like a piece of dough.3 VideosWater, water Everywhere?10% of Earth's people do not have enough water, and nearly 40% must drink and bathe in water that does not meet even the most minimal standards of sanitation.Freshwater is a limited resource and we are using it faster than it can be replenished. Although methods are available to recover and purify some of the water we use, conservation is also seriously needed.On a planet covered with water, why is its availability becoming a crisis?Amount of water in the system is finite.Less than 1/100 of 1% of this water is usable by humans (freshwater contains few dissolved ions). Of this, almost 35 million cubic kilometers are held in glaciers with additional water in rivers, lakes, and other organisms.Where’s the water?•97% Oceans•2% Polar caps & glaciers•0.3 groundwater•Hmmm, not much left…We depend on water going through state changes in the hydrological cycle. Heat causes evaporation and transpiration. Rising gases are cooled to yield another state change back to liquid. The liquid water is returned to Earth to fill ground storage, underground storage, and to become available for uptake by plants through their root systems.At each stage within the hydrological cycle, bonds are made and broken. Toxins may be picked up, transported, or eliminated. Hydrological Cycle: Linkage of all marine & freshwater aquatic environments; process of water travel from atmosphere-> earth-> atmosphereWatershed: The land area surrounding a body of water over which water (such as rain) could flow and potentially enter that body of waterThe World Health Organization estimates that 1 in 3 people – more than 2 billion – lack access to clean waterEven more lack access to sufficient sanitation facilities265 million gallons of raw sewage enters the Ganges River daily3,000 people die from water-borne illnesses in Africa dailyPredictions suggest that 2 out of 3 people will face water shortages by 2025The World Health Organization estimates that 1 in 3 people – more than 2 billion – lack access to clean waterEven more lack access to sufficient sanitation facilities265 million gallons of raw sewage enters the Ganges River daily3,000 people die from water-borne illnesses in Africa dailyPredictions suggest that 2 out of 3 people will face water shortages by 20251 IN 5PEOPLEWORLDWIDESURVIVE ON LESS WATERPER DAY THAN IS USED TOFLUSH ATOILETWhere is water in the U.S. being used?In many developing nations, people use nearby surface waters to meet their basic needs. Without improved sanitation, this water is contaminated with raw sewage and other forms of contamination.Water is one of the most ubiquitous, yet scarce resources on EarthWater falling back to Earth is not readily available to most of the planet’s population. Water scarcity is a global issue reaching crisis for much of the world—especially regions throughout the Middle East, parts of Africa, and Australia.A Few DefinitionsAquifer: An underground region of soil or porous rock which is saturated with waterInfiltration: The process of water soaking into the groundWater Table: The top of the underground water-saturated regionWater trickling down into the Earth naturally fills cracks and crevices while maintaining the water table and refilling the aquifer. In coastal areas, such as on the Georgia coast, proximity to seawater and lower water tables have resulted in saltwater intrusion into the freshwater sources.Where is much of Georgia getting their water?ACT & ACF River Basins in GeorgiaGeorgia Growth videoHow to solve the water shortage in Georgia? Damming rivers and creating reservoirs, like Lake Lanier, GAHow to solve the water shortage in Georgia? Damming rivers and creating reservoirs, like Lake LanierBenefits: •Source of freshwater•Flood control•Electricity production•Boating, fishing & other recreationHow to solve the water shortage in Georgia? Damming rivers and creating reservoirs, like Lake LanierBut there are also serious downsides: An enormous potential for evaporation, especially during summer when we need water the most