GEOG 1982 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I. System Review II. Map Origins III. ColonialismIV. Slave Trade V. Imperialism VI. ColonialismVII. ImperialismVIII. States IX. CapitalismOutline of Current Lecture I. Where “is” Europe?II. Europe’s HistoryIII. European EmpiresIV. Industrial RevolutionV. Europe in Crisis: WWIVI. Europe in Crisis: the 1930sVII. RecapCurrent LectureI. Where “is” Europe?a. Our understanding of the world is inextricably tied to how Europe as a region has come to “be”i. Europe was formed through its role in development of world systemii. It is continually being made by changing configurations of these systemsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. “perhaps more than any other region in the world, Europe’s geography is the product of its role in world-spanning economic and demographic systems” c. Clicker question 1: Which of the following is the best way to define the boundaries of Europe?i. Political boundaries of statesd. Clicker question 2: what does this statement mean?i. Europe’s geography is profoundly shaped by its relationship to other regionsII. Europe’s historya. Intersection of four historical regions (at least)i. Mediterranean empires 1. Greece, Rome; 1000 BCE – 500 CEii. Holy Roman empires 1. Catholic church; 1000 – 1800 CEiii. Northern Germanic Societies 500-1800 CEiv. Al-Andalus 711-1491 CEb. Emerges between 1500-1800c. Rises with emergence of colonialism and the Atlantic slave traded. Early centers of power in Portugal, Spain, later shifts to France, Netherlands, England e. Merchant capitalism emerges at the edges of these empires but eventually comes to define Europe in new waysIII. European Empires 1500-1800a. Built around colonialism abroad and feudalism at homeb. Colonialism: direct settlement of Americas, port cities in Africa and Asia essential to tradec. Feudalismi. Regional hierarchies, built around land owning nobilitiesii. People living on estates allowed to use land in exchange for political allegiance, payment of tribute or taxiii. Covers most of Europe by 1000 CEd. Merchant capitalismi. Based in port cities and at the edges of feudal orderii. New class of “merchants” devoted to tradeiii. Merchants had no land and thus need to borrow money to purchase goodsiv. Emergence of banks to finance tradee. Age of discoveryi. Trade routes built on previously existing routes to the “east” / “orient” as well asnew ones to the Americasii. Relied on technologies developed outside of Europe such as the compass, gunpowder, and paper manufacturing iii. Competition between merchants who sought state protectioniv. Accumulation of wealth in port cities that later became the major colonial and imperial powersf. “Internal” colonialismi. Monarchies consolidate power over kingdomsii. Spread of Romance languages1. Castilian2. French3. Italian iii. Spread of Germanic languages1. English2. Germaniv. Conquest of regions by states g. Languagei. 35 dialects of Germanii. 40 languages in Franceiii. 4 languages in Italy and as many as 28 dialects IV. Industrial revolution:a. 3 wavesi. First wave 1790-18501. Steam engines, textile weaving, iron2. Limited to Britainii. Second wave 1850-18701. Expansion of coal mining, steel, machines, railroads2. All of Britain, northern parts of France, Germany, Belgiumiii. Third wave 1870-19141. Electricity, intercommunications2. Netherlands, S. Scandinavian, N. Italy and Spain, E. Austria, Poland, Ukraine, Russiab. Transforms cities, concentrates their political and economic significancec. Creates new sources of wealth for factory owners, bankers that threatens power of monarchiesd. Spurs new era of imperialism focused on trade in raw materials required for industrial productione. Expands to include trade in foodf. Clicker question 3- the British empire is an example of:i. imperialism that includes elements of colonialism with an emphasis on indirect controlg. Europe imperialism, ca. 1900i. Internal effects continueii. Produces general boundaries of contemporary states iii. State: independent political unit with internationally recognized territorial boundariesV. Europe in crisis: WWIa. Militarism fueled by competition over imperial possessions turns “inward”b. Industrial production repurposed for war: airplanes, tanks, chemical weaponsc. 50-60 million killed by war, related disease outbreaks; another 30 million permanently disabledd. Dissolution of European empires into “nations” defined culturally and governed by a representative state (democracy)e. Nation: “group of people sharing common elements of a culture, such as a religion, language, a history, or political identity”VI. Europe in crisis: the 1930sa. Great depression (1930s-worldwide) triggers 2 responsesi. Fascism: 1. States too dependent on international economy, other powers2. Strong centralized state integrated with industry, emphasis on nation over individualii. Communism1. Over exploitation of workers now disproportionally suffering effects of crisis2. Common ownership of means of production, distribution, exchange, often backed by a strong centralized stateiii. Economic liberalism: return to free trade with state regulationb. The Marshall plani. US programii. Goal to rebuild European industry, economy destroyed by wariii. Counter spread of communism through economic growthiv. Tied rebuilding “Europe” to international economy VII. Recapa. Europe as a region has come into existence through the creation of a world system linked by politics and tradeb. Europe’s historical importance strongly shapes how we think of regionsc. In spite of its historical presence, Europe as a region has been sharply divided by political, economic, and cultural