BSC 101 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I. Morphology Vestigial Structures Homologous Structures Analogous StructuresII. FossilizationOutline of Current Lecture I. Section 2.1: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Birdsa. Pangeab. Characteristics of ArchaeopteryxII. Section 2.2a: How to Classify Lifea. Three different domains (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya)III. Heterotrophs and AutotrophsCurrent LectureSection 2.1: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Birds160 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, the continent of Pangea existed. The continent used to be one large land mass called Pangea, but broke apart drastically over millions of years, changing Earth’s sea levels and climate.Archaeopteryxo A pigeon sized primitive bird.o Transitional species. Helps define the relationship between dinosaurs and birds.o Has common features of birds. Wings with feathers. Feet with three toes pointing forward and one pointing backwards.o As well as common features of reptiles. A long tail with a vertebrae. Toothed beaks.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Claws on their wings.Using this transitional species, scientists can predict how the adaptions of birds went.Terrestrial Predators  Flapping, Gliding Archaeopteryx  Gliding from Trees  LowSpeed Flight  Modern Flight Features  Modern BirdsSee figure 2-4 on page 39 of the textbookSection 2.2a: How to Classify LifeTaxonomy: a field of biology that classifies, identifies, and names organisms.Classify: the process of placing organisms into categories based on similar characteristicsor traits, including…o Body formo Anatomical structureso Developmental events that occuro Biochemistry of the organismSee figure 2-1 on page 42 of the textbook for an example classifying blue whales.The hierarchy of classification begins with the broadest, most inclusive group (Domain).Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  SpeciesIt ends with the most exclusive group, species, becoming less inclusive as you move down the hierarchy.Species: the fundamental units of evolution and diversity. The biggest question to consider when trying to figure out if two organisms are the same species is… can they interbreed?Mnemonic devices for remembering the hierarchy:o Dear King Phillip Came Over For Grape Sodao Dirty, Kinky People Can Often Find Great SexDomain: the broadest group with three different tiers… Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.Domain Bacteriao Unicellularo Can have a positive or negative impact on humans.o Have a cell wall (NOT THE SAME CELL WALL MATERIAL AS PLANTS)o No nucleus, instead DNA is kept in the nucleoid region. DNA = a single circular chromosome.o No membrane bound organelles.o Prokaryotico Has ribosomes and a cell membrane.Domain Archaeao Unicellularo Prokaryotico No nucleuso No membrane bound organelles.o Live in extreme environments, like deep underwater or in extremely hot temperatures. They are not encountered very often.Domain Eukaryao These have a nucleus.o Have membrane bound organelles (such as mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum).o Both unicellular and multicellular.o Eukaryotico Animals, plants, fungi, and protists.Heterotrophs and AutotrophsHeterotrophs: must consume their food (no photosynthesis) Animals are classically heterotrophs.o Majority don’t have a backbone (way more invertebrates than vertebrates)o Animal cells contain a nucleuso Contain many organelles  organized and membrane bound. ATP (energy) is formed by the mitochondria, turning sugar into energy.Autotrophs: can produce their own food through photosynthesis. Plants are classically autotrophs. Eaten by other living things (heterotrophs) for energy. Common waste product: oxygen.o They take light energy (carbon dioxide), make sugar out of it, and give off oxygen.o Also do cellular respiration to make ATP as well as their photosynthesis. CELL WALLS ARE MADE OF