GEOLOGY 101 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture I. Plate Boundariesa. Transformb. Special Cases – Hot SpotsII. Oceanic and Continental LithosphereOutline of Current Lecture I. Mineralsa. Physical Propertiesb. How are they made?II. Atomsa. ElectronsIII. IsotopesIV. Type of Mineral and Why?Current LectureWhat is a mineral?- Must be naturally occurring- Inorganic: NO organic carbon- Crystalline solid – atoms are arranged in a particular structure (ex: a cube)- Specific chemical compound – contains particular elements in a set ratioo H₂O – has a set ratio  is it a mineral? What about mineral water? Ice?o FeS₂ pyrite (Fool’s gold)How are minerals made?- Crystallization: The growth of a solid from a gas or liquid whose constituents come together in the proper chemical proportions and crystalline arrangement.o Lower the temperature of a liquido Liquids evaporate from a solution forming a supersaturated solution that precipitates- Minerals form when atoms transfer or share electrons to fill there electron shells. (Chemical Bonding)o Chemical Bonding: atoms combine by losing, gaining or sharing electrons.o Ionic Bonding: transfer of electrons. Forms when shells are nearly empty or nearly full. Weak Bondo Covalent Bonding: sharing of electrons. Forms when shells are about half full.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Strong BondAtoms:- Compound of a Nucleuso Protons (+)o Neutrons (neutral)- Electrons: (-)o Orbits the nucleus in shells (orbitals).o Electrons are attracted to protons and form an electron cloud around the nucleus.o For stable atoms, # of electrons = # of protons.o Ion: an atom which has lost of gained electrons.- Atomic Number = the # of protons in the nucleus.o EX: Carbon Atom (6)o Stable elements have an equal number of electrons, protons, and neutrons.- Atomic Mass:o Protons – Atomic Mass 1o Neutrons – Atomic Mass 1o Electrons – Atomic Mass ~0Isotopes:- All carbon atoms have 6 protons (Atomic number). o The atomic mass is = 6 protons + 6 neutrons = 12- The number of neutrons may change or alter: this is an isotope.o EX: Carbon 13  (7 Neutrons) or Carbon 14  (8 Neutrons)- There are several isotope systems that can be used to date rocks.o Uranium  Leado Potassium  Argono Rubidium  StrontiumWhat minerals will form?- Based on available elements- Ionic Substitution- Conditions of Crystallizationo Polymorphs (same composition but different crystal structure) EX: Diamond and