Chapter 3.1-3.4 and 4.1 NotesSection 3.1Four molecules that make up living things1. Proteins: Formed by 20 amino acids2. Carbohydrates: Similar sugar monomers linked together chemically to form polysaccharides3. Lipids: Lipid monomers maintaining interaction by non covalent forces4. Nucleic acids: Formed from four kinds of nucleotide monomers linked together in long chainsPOLYMERS: A large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers.-Proteins, carbs, and nucleic acidsMONOMERS: A small molecule, two or more of which can be combined to form oligomers or polymersMACROMOLECULES: Polymers with molecular weights exceeding 1,000 -Proteins, carbs, and nucleic acidsFUNCTIONAL GROUPS: A combination of atoms that contributes specific properties when attached to larger moleculesISOMERS: Molecules that have the same chemical formula but with the atoms arranged differentlySTRUCTURAL ISOMERS: Differ in how their atoms are bondedCIS-TRANS ISOMERS: Typically a double bond between two carbon atoms where the carbons share two pairs of electrons. Same side=cis isomer. Opposite side=trans isomerOPTICAL ISOMERS: Occur when a carbon atom has four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to itCONDENSATION REACTIONS: A chemical reaction in which two molecules become connected by a covalent bond and a molecule of water is released HYDROLYSIS REACTION: A chemical reaction that breaks a bond by inserting the components of water. The opposite of a condensation reaction—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Section 3.2PROTEIN: Long chain polymer made up of 20 amino acids in different proportions and sequencesPOLYPEPTIDE CHAINS: Unbranched polymers of covalently linked amino acids that make up a proteinAMINO ACID: An organic compound containing both NH2 and COOH groupsR GROUP (SIDE CHAIN): The distinguishing group of atoms of a particular amino acidPEPTIDE LINKAGE (PEPTIDE BOND): The bond between amino acids in a protein. Formed between a carboxyl group and an amino group with the loss of water moleculesPRIMARY STRUCTURE: The specific sequence of amino acids in a proteinSECONDARY STRUCTURE: Regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of a polypeptide chainALPHA HELIX: A prevalent type of secondary protein structure; a right-handed spiralBETA PLEATED SHEET: A type of protein secondary structure resulting from hydrogen bonding between polypeptide regions running antiparallel to each otherTERTIARY STRUCTURE: The relative locations in three-dimensional space of all the atoms in the molecule; the overall shape of a proteinDENATURED: Loss of activity of an enzyme or nucleic acid molecule as a result of structural changes induced by heat or other meansQUATERNARY STRUCTURE: The specific three-dimensional arrangement of protein subunitsTwo situations in which polypeptide chains are in danger of binding the wrong substance:1. Just after a protein is made2. Following denaturationCHAPERONES: A special class of proteins, present in most cells, that protect the three-dimensional structures of other proteins—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Section 3.3CARBOHYDRATES: Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1-Sugars, starch, cellulose, etc. Three major biochemical roles:1. A source of stored energy that can be released in a form usable by organisms2. Used to transport stored energy within complex organism3. Serve as carbon skeletons that can be rearranged to form new moleculesFour categories1. MONOSACCHARIDES: A simple sugar made up of one monomer2. DISACCHARIDES: Consists of two monosaccharides linked together by covalent bonds3. OLIGOSACCHARIDES: Made up of several monosaccharides4. POLYSACCHARIDES: Polymers made up of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharidesGLUCOSE: A monosaccharide in all living cells used as an energy sourcePENTOSES: A sugar containing five carbon atomsHEXOSE: A sugar containing six carbon atomsGLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE: Bond between carbohydrate molecules through an intervening oxygen atomSTARCHES: A polymer of glucose, used by plants to store energyGLYCOGEN: A water-insoluble, highly branched polymer of glucose, used by animals to store energy—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Section 3.4LIPIDS: Hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water because of their many non polar covalent bondsTRIGLYCERIDES: A simple lipid in which three fatty acids are combined with one molecules of glycerol FATS: Triglycerides that are solid at room temperatureOILS: Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperatureGLYCEROL: A small molecule with three hydroxyl groups that make up triglyceridesFATTY ACID: A long non polar hydrocarbon chain and an acidic polar carboxyl group that makes up a triglycerideAMPHIPATHIC: A molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regionsPHOSPHOLIPIDS: A lipid containing a phosphate group; an important constituent of cellular membranesBILAYER: A sheet two molecules thick with water excluded from the core—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Section 4.1NUCLEIC ACIDS: Polymers specialized for the storage, transmission, and use of genetic informationDNA: A macromolecule that encodes hereditary information and passes it from generation to generationRNA: An often single-stranded nucleic acid whose nucleotides use ribose rather than deoxyribose and in which the base uracil replaces thymine found in DNANUCLEOTIDE: The basic chemical unit in nucleic acids, consisting of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, –and a nitrogen-containing base1. BASE: The purine or pyrimidine