chapter 3-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIOLOGICAL AGINGPatterns of growth-Cephalocaudal pattern- from top (head) and gradual to bottomProximodistal pattern- center of body outward to extremities--also patterns of motor control (as well as physical growth)-growth rate affected by SES, birth order, and maternal habits during prenatal development-growth hormone deficiency- Pituitary gland----infants triple their weight by 1 year-internal hunger cues (vs. external hunger cues)--half of their adult height by the time their 2 years old.-the rate of growth slows down (slow rate by middle and late childhood)Puberty: physical/biological transformation from child to adultPeriod of rapid physical and hormonal changesPhysical changes; growth spurtGirls- Menarche, hips widen, body hairOnset for most: 9-15 years of ageBoys- first ejaculation, grow taller, body hair10-17 years of age-secular trend= biological changes that occur across generation.Ex: earlier onset of puberty-hormonal changespowerful chemicals from endocrine glandshypothalamus- eating and sexual behaviormonitoring hormonespituitary gland- controls growth, regulates glandsgonads- male testes, female ovariesgonadotropins- stimulate testes, ovaries-hormones increase dramatically in adolescencetestosterone- voice change, genital growthdominates male changesestradiol- estrogen for breast growthdominates female changes-onset affects social competence-behaviors and moods can affect hormones-----dietary changes affect puberty age rate-psychological effects of puberty, onset timingearly maturationboys- positive self-image, better peer relationsgirls- similar to boys, not as strongboth at more risk of behavior problemslate maturationboys- developed stronger positive self-image in their 30sEarly AdulthoodHeight is constantMany reach peak of muscle tone and strength in late teens and twentiesPeak in joint functions in twentiesDecline in the thirties-unintentional accidents are leading cause for death for childrenPrimary aging- occurs to everyoneInevitable changing that occurs because agingSenescence—means the same thing as primary agingSecondary aging-Not inevitableMiddle AdulthoodPhysical appearanceStrength, joints, bones1% to 2% muscle loss after age 50Cardiovascular system and lungsClogged arteriesHypertension: blood pressure increasesDecreased lung capacity after age 55Sexual changesClimacteric- fertility declinesMenopause- menstrual periods ceasesDramatic decline of estrogen: a negative experience for most womenMales do notLate AdulthoodPhysical appearance more pronouncedWrinkles, age spotsWeight loss after age 60- decreased by exercise and weight liftingCirculatory systemIncreased blood pressure, linked to chronic conditions and longevity-cognitive disability- dementiaHESC 1403 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Current Lecture Chapter 3- Physical Development and Biological AgingI. Patterns of GrowthII. Puberty a. Boys vs. Girlsb. Hormonal Changesc. Psychological EffectsIII. Early Adulthood a. Primary aging b. Secondary aging IV. Middle Adulthooda. Physical b. Sexual V. Late Adulthood a. Physical b. Circulatory SystemCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. chapter 3- PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIOLOGICAL AGING  Patterns of growth- - Cephalocaudal pattern- from top (head) and gradual to bottom- Proximodistal pattern- center of body outward to extremities --also patterns of motor control (as well as physical growth) -growth rate affected by SES, birth order, and maternal habits during prenatal development -growth hormone deficiency- Pituitary gland ----infants triple their weight by 1 year -internal hunger cues (vs. external hunger cues) --half of their adult height by the time their 2 years old.  -the rate of growth slows down (slow rate by middle and late childhood)  Puberty: physical/biological transformation from child to adult- Period of rapid physical and hormonal changes - Physical changes; growth spurto Girls- Menarche, hips widen, body hair Onset for most: 9-15 years of age o Boys- first ejaculation, grow taller, body hair 10-17 years of age -secular trend= biological changes that occur across generation. - Ex: earlier onset of puberty  -hormonal changes- powerful chemicals from endocrine glands- hypothalamus- eating and sexual behavioro monitoring hormones - pituitary gland- controls growth, regulates glands- gonads- male testes, female ovaries - gonadotropins- stimulate testes, ovaries -hormones increase dramatically in adolescence - testosterone- voice change, genital growtho dominates male changes- estradiol- estrogen for breast growtho dominates female changes -onset affects social competence  -behaviors and moods can affect hormones -----dietary changes affect puberty age rate -psychological effects of puberty, onset timing- early maturationo boys- positive self-image, better peer relationso girls- similar to boys, not as strongo both at more risk of behavior problems - late maturationo boys- developed stronger positive self-image in their 30s Early Adulthood- Height is constant - Many reach peak of muscle tone and strength in late teens and twenties- Peak in joint functions in twenties- Decline in the thirties  -unintentional accidents are leading cause for death for children  Primary aging- occurs to everyone- Inevitable changing that occurs because aging Senescence—means the same thing as primary aging  Secondary aging-- Not inevitable  Middle Adulthood- Physical appearance- Strength, joints, boneso 1% to 2% muscle loss after age 50- Cardiovascular system and lungso Clogged arteries o Hypertension: blood pressure increaseso Decreased lung capacity after age 55- Sexual changeso Climacteric- fertility declines o Menopause- menstrual periods ceases  Dramatic decline of estrogen: a negative experience for most womeno Males do not  Late Adulthood- Physical appearance more pronouncedo Wrinkles, age spotso Weight loss after age 60- decreased by exercise and weight lifting- Circulatory systemo Increased blood pressure, linked to chronic conditions and longevity-cognitive disability-