PSY 223 1st Edition Lecture 1Studying Development – The basics of understanding and evaluating research.Ways of Measuring Behavior• Systematic observationNaturalistic observationStructured observation• Sampling behaviors TasksSelf-reportsQuestionnairesInterviewsSystematic Observation• Naturalistic observation• Structured observationSampling Behaviors• Tasks• Self-reportsQuestionnairesInterviewsResearch Designs• Experimental• Correlational• Case StudiesExperimental Research• Manipulating a variable of interest These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Examining impact of manipulation on different groups DISADVANTAGES Artificial LimitedADVANTAGES Control Cause & EffectExperimental Terminology• Experimental group• Control group• Random Assignment• Independent variable• Dependent variableCorrelational Research• Examining relationships between variables that naturally exist.ADVANTAGES Accessible Provides information about relationships between variablesDISADVANTAGES Limited Cannot tell us about cause and effectCorrelational Terminology• Correlation coefficient• Positive correlation• Negative correlation• No correlationCaution with Correlations• Relation NOT causation• Spurious Correlations• Lurking variables Case Studies• Studying a single individual in great detail.ObservationInterviews with individual, family members, friendsExamination of recordsStudying Development• Cross-sectional designs• Examining groups of people at one point in time• Examines group differences or age differences• CONS• Does not examine development• Cannot examine change• Cohort effects• PROS• Examines age differences• Convenient and cost effective• Longitudinal designs• PROS• Directly examinesdevelopment• Able to see age-related changes• CONS• Participant retention• Practice effects• Cohort effects• Sequential designsEthics – Responsible ResearchRights of the Human Subject:1. Informed Consent2. Freedom from harm3. ConfidentialityInformed Consent• Description of the research and what is expected of the participant• Description of risks and benefits• Information about the right to withdrawal without penaltyFreedom from Harm• Physical harm• Psychological harmConfidentiality• Data collection and storage• Questions from Others• Exceptions to the Rule?Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)Purpose: • To review all protocols involving human participants to ensure ethical issues have been addressed.• To ensure participation is voluntary, privacy is protected, and safety assured.Misinformed Consent• Incomplete Disclosure• Deception• DebriefingWhat’s a theory?• organized set of ideas• ties together related data• explains/predicts behavior• directs researchReview of Developmental Theories• Psychoanalytic theoryFreudErikson**• BehaviorismWatsonPavlovSkinnerBandura (social learning)• Cognitive Theory**Piaget• Sociocultural TheoryVygotsky• Epigenetic