ARTH 1001 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Paleolithic Eraa. Venus of Willendorfb. Torso of Elevationc. Hall of the Bullsd. Cave PaintingsOutline of Current Lecture I. Neolithic EraII. Clay in Early MesopotamiaIII. Sumerian CultureIV. AssyriaV. BabylonVI. Achaemenid PersiaVII. EgyptI. Pre/Early Dynastic PeriodII. Fourth DynastyCurrent LectureDate: January 22, 2015Title: Ancient Near Eastern ArtProfessor: Matthew CanepaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Required Reading:Art through the Ages, Book A, pp. 31-52, 55-80Terms:- Hieratic Scale: an artistic convention in which greater size indicates greater importance (pg. 31, Book A)- Lamassu: Assyrian guardian in the form of a man-headed winged bull (pg. 46, Book A)- Paradise (meaning the Persian palatial feature): - Ziggurat: In ancient Mesopotamian architecture, a monumental platform for a temple (pg. 33, Book A)Works of Art:- Votive Statues from Tell Asmar, Sumerian, 2900-2600 BCE, limestone, alabaster, and Gypsum, National Museum of Iraq, Baghdad- Stele of Naramsin, ca. 2254-2218 BCE, Limestone. Akkadian Empire, Musée du Louvre, Paris- Ashurnasirpal II Killing Lions, from palace in Nimrud, Iraq, c. 850, alabaster, British Museum, London- Citadel and Palace Complex of Sargon II (reconstruction), Dur-Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq), 721-706 BCE- Palette of King Narmer, ca. 3100-3000 BCE, slate, Egytian Museum, Cairo- Great Pyramids at Giza, 2613-2494 BCE, erected by Menkaura, Khafra, and Khufu, granite and limestone- Ka statue of Khafra, Giza, ca. 2500BCE, Diorite. Old Kingdom, Egypt, Egyptian Museum, Cairo - Apadana (audience hall) of Darius and Xerxes, Persepolis, Achaemenid Persia, 518-460 BCEI. Neolithic Period: 9,000-2000BCE -Massive changes in climate andenvironment-End of Ice Age, retreat of glaciers-Changed Humans' Lives too-Spread of farming II. Clay in early Mesopotamia- Pottery- Figurines- Tokens, hollow clay balls, tablets o Eventually early writingtechnologies- Architectural models- Mud-brick: architectural use of mud III. Sumerian Culture:- Complex Religion, Ritual Temples- Inventedo Wagon wheel, plow, cast bronze and copper- Exact and theoretical scienceso Astronomy- Emergence of Full-time Craftsmeno Including artists, architects- Writing systems: Cuneiformso Facilitated development of literature, arithmetic commerce and bureaucracySequence ofsuperimposed templefound in Eridu Ziggurats: artificialmountains (religioustemple) Gods worshippedthrough clay statueswith very large eyes Akkadian ruler, From Ninevah (Iraq), 2300-2200Cast copperCreated using the lost wax technique Ruler takes most valuable art collection from palace, makes imperial artcollection IV. AssyriaC. 2000-627 BCEOld Assyrian city-states andkingdoms (ca. 2000-1790)Middle Assyrian period(16th to 10th Centuries BC)Neo-Assyrian Empire (934-627) V. BabylonCeremonial City of South Mesopotamia and capital sinceHammurabiCity restored by Assyrian overlords VI. Achaemenid Persia Susa-Originally Elamite, then Assyrian capital-Important Administrative Capital for the Achaemenids-Site of Palace of Darius King of Kings brought best materials and people from all overthe world to build his grand palace He built a garden (paradise) using pieces from different provinces/cities VII. EGYPTa. Pre/Early Dynastic Period- Class division- Boats/water on art represent importance of theNilePalette of Narmer, Hierakonpolis (1st Dynasty, 3000 BCE, Mudstone (schist) Approx. 64 cm)- Mix oil with pigment to make black material to put around eyes (basically eyeliner)- Luxurious show product- On the back, shows slaying of enemy king- King is most prominent/largest figure- Raven, Horus (son/avenger of god Osirus) defeating/controlling Seth (represents chaos)- Pharaoh took off sandals, meaning that he is performing a sanctified religiousact- Narmer (fish Nar, chisel -merr) - King Narmer ruling in palaceCharacteristic Architecture- Death/Preparation for afterlife- Stepped Pyramid of Djoser- Early large pyramid- Symbolic representation of a palace- Everything king would need to rule in theafterlife- Burial chamber below pyramid b. Fourth Dynasty- Development of Pyramids and New Solar Kingship- The Sphinx- Plan of Great Pyramids of Gizao Menkaurao Khafrao Khufu- Seated Statue of Khafra, Giza Valley- Receptacle for kings soul- Falcon behind head (Horus)- Intertwined papyrus/lotuso Upper and Lower kingdoms o Only united in the pharaohProportions- Hand/Fist- Women were still made using men's proportions- Greeks copied EgyptiansState Temples- Large temple complexesTemple of Amun, KarnakArchitectural characteristics:- Stone construction (limestone, sandstone)- Colossal pylons- Enclosure wall- Axial design- Alternating courts and hypostyle hallsThree Sections- Main precinct: Amun Ra- Precinct of Montu- Precinct of Mut Great Hypostyle Hall, Amun Raprecinct (Sety I and Ramses II,