GLY 101 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to GeologyOutline of Current Lecture II.MineralsA. Definition of MineralB. RocksIII. AtomsA. Properties of protons, neutrons, and electronsB. ElementsIV. Explaining atom bondsA. Octet ruleB. Ionic bonds and covalent bondsCurrent LectureII. Minerals A. mineral is any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation.mineralogy- the study of mineralscharacteristics that classify as minerals:1. Naturally occurring2. Generally inorganic3. Solid substance4. Orderly crystalline structure5. Definite chemical composition that allows for some variationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Rocks-Rocks are defined as any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet.-aggregate- minerals are joined in such a way that their individual properties are retained.-most rocks are aggregates of minerals-some rocks are made of entirely of one mineral; sedimentary rock(limestone) is a common example-rocks that are composed of non mineral matter:volcanic rocks, obsidian and pumice1. volcanic rocks, obsidian and pumice-noncrystalline glassy substances2. coal-solid organic debris III. Properties of protons,neutrons,and electrons-atoms are the smallest particles that cannot be chemically split-protons= charge +1 ; neutrons= charge 0 ; electrons= charge -1-protons and electrons share a fundamental property called electrical charge-electrons move about the nucleus in regions called principal shells, each is associated with an energy level-the outer shell contains valence electrons B. Element: defined by their number of protons-atomic number- number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, determines its chemical nature.-element- a group of the same kind of atoms-chemical compound is when elements join with atoms of other elements IV. Explaining atom bondsA. Octet Rule & chemical bonds- states that atoms tend to gain,lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.- if an atom’s outer shell does not have eight valence electrons, it will bond to another atom.- Chemical bond transfer/share electrons, this allows atoms to reach full valence shell of electrons.-Metallic- wen valence electrons are shared among all the atoms in a substance.B. Ionic and Covalent bondsions-positive and negative charged atoms; ionic bonds= elections transferred- ionic bond is when atoms of one element give up one or more of theirvalence electrons to atoms of another element; this forms ions- ionic bond- the attraction of oppositely charged ions to one another- Covalent bonds- chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or morevalence electrons between a pair of atoms; elections shared.-Metallic bonds- the electrons are free to move from one atom to another.- Hybrid bonds- show some electron sharing and some electron