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SELU PSYC 440 - Biological Basis of Thought

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Psych 440 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Chapter One: Cognitive ScienceA. DefinitionII. Two Main Approaches to study the MindA. Information Processing ApproachB. Connectionism or PDP ApproachIII. Two Issues/ Questions that Need to be Answered for Information Processing Approach A. Structure QuestionB. Process QuestionIV. History of Cognitive PsychologyA. Everything Starts with PlatoB. Official Birth of Cognitive Psychology: 1956V. The Beginning of the Nativist/Empiricist ControversyA. Copernicus B. DescartesC. John LockeD. WundtE. John WatsonVI. Chapter TWO: Cognitive NeuropsychologyA. DualismB. MaterialismOutline of Current Lecture I. Biological Basis of ThoughtA. building Block of the Brain: The Neuron.B. Myelin sheath is a fatty covering on the axon and it makes things move faster andis an insulator.C. The axon ends in terminal branches.D. There is a soft/ open connection between neurons called synapses.E. Receptor site is why the terminal or terminal button “connects.”II. Neurotransmitters and How they WorkThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Reuptake process - process of sweeping out unused neural transmitters that didn’t fit in a receptor site.B. NeurotransmittersIII. A neuron at Rest (Before Anything Happens)A. Neuron has a relative negative charge in comparison to environment around him.B. Predominant chemical inside neuron membrane is potassium.C. External environment is dominated by sodium D. Still has a baseline firing rate: E. Has a semi-permeable membrane which regulates the external/internal balance where the soma is negative compared to the environment.F. Negative 70 chargeIV. Brain Structure Categorizing: Cortical Structures VS Subcortical StructuresA. Cortical structures – cerebral cortex (new brain).B. Subcortical structures – everything else below the cerebral cortex.Current LectureI. Biological Basis of ThoughtA. building Block of the Brain: The Neuron.1. Made of dendrite (receives incoming message), cell body or soma (passes themessage), axon (fires off message).2. Neurotransmitter = chemical in synaptic gap and electrical charge in neuron.B. Myelin sheath is a fatty covering on the axon and it makes things move faster andis an insulator.1. Cystic fibrosis eats the myelin sheath.C. The axon ends in terminal branches.1. The ends of the branches are the terminals or (terminal button or terminal bud) and stores chemical neurotransmitters.D. There is a soft/ open connection between neurons called synapses.E. Receptor site is why the terminal or terminal button “connects.”II. Neurotransmitters and How they WorkA. Reuptake process - process of sweeping out unused neural transmitters that didn’t fit in a receptor site.1. They get back up in the axon for later use. B. Neurotransmitters1. Excitatory transmitters - (send an excitatory message) a. When the excitatory transmitter stimulates the terminal bud it causes the soma to become more positive because of the chemical reactions in the localized area of the dendrite1. The membrane becomes increasingly more permeable allowing the sodium from the environment to float into the soma.b. This reaches the threshold and makes the neuron more positive (depolarization).c. The neuron becomes positive 40.d. This causes action potential and the neuron fires (increase in firing rate)!!e. All changes (like paying attention once you realize you were daydreaming) is the excitatory patterns.2. Inhibitory transmitters – (send inhibitory messages when they are in receptorsite)a. When these inhibitors get into receptor sites, they make the semi-permeable membrane even less permeable than before.b. This causes and increases in buildup of negative charge and this is called hyperpolarization.c. The baseline firing rate of neuron drops or slows down (becomes inhibited.)d. All thoughts of memories is inhibitory patterns.3. Different Neurotransmitters.a. Serotonin 1. Mood regulation.2. Reduced levels = depression3. {prozac is an SSRI or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to fix depression}b. Acetylcholine1. Excitatory to vertebrate skeletal muscles, but excitatory or inhibitory to other sites.2. Important in directing voluntary muscle movements.3. Blocked it causes paralysis. (Tranquilizers block this transmitter and some snake venom inhibits this transmitter).c. Dopamine1. Usually excitatory 2. Implicated in memory/learning, logical thought 3. Reward neurotransmitter 4. Released during food and sex 5. Schizophrenia (an excess of dopamine and causes delusions). 6. Parkinson’s disorder (muscle spazzes) from lack of this transmitter.d. Norepinephrine: (excitatory or Inhibitory) 1. Arousal levels2. Mood 3. Too much = manic 4. Not enough = depressede. Epinephrine1. Excitatory2. Hormone secreted by the medulla and causes the fight or flight response. 3. Increased heart rate.f. GABA 1. Inhibitory 2. Calms nervous activity by inhibiting neurons in the brain. 3. An amino acid that acts as a neurotransmitter. g. Endorphins 1. Inhibitory 2. Relieve stress and alleviate pain. 3. “Runner’s high” = a sensation when long term running release endorphins causing a euphoric state.III. A neuron at Rest (Before Anything Happens) A. Neuron has a relative negative charge in comparison to environment around him.B. Predominant chemical inside neuron membrane is potassium.C. External environment is dominated by sodium D. Still has a baseline firing rate: E. Has a semi-permeable membrane which regulates the external/internal balance where the soma is negative compared to the environment. F. Negative 70 charge.IV. Brain Structure Categorizing: Cortical Structures VS Subcortical StructuresA. Cortical structures – cerebral cortex (new brain).B. Subcortical structures – everything else below the cerebral cortex.1. Corpus collosum - subcortical structures.2. Older and emerged earlier in life’s history on earth.3. The brainstem is where the spinal cord ends and brain begins.a. Three major structures of brain stem: medulla, reticular formation,


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