Psyc 440 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Class IntroductionOutline of Current Lecture I. Chapter One: Cognitive ScienceA. DefinitionII. Two Main Approaches to study the MindA. Information Processing ApproachB. Connectionism or PDP ApproachIII. Two Issues/ Questions that Need to be Answered for Information Processing Approach A. Structure QuestionB. Process QuestionIV. History of Cognitive PsychologyA. Everything Starts with PlatoB. Official Birth of Cognitive Psychology: 1956V. The Beginning of the Nativist/Empiricist ControversyA. Copernicus B. DescartesC. John LockeD. WundtE. John WatsonVI. Chapter TWO: Cognitive NeuropsychologyA. DualismB. MaterialismCurrent LectureI. Chapter One: Cognitive ScienceB. The study of the brain and how it works such as processes that lead to thoughts and cognitive functioning.C. It includes all various disciplines that study the mind.D. Cognitive psychology is merely a sub-category of cognitive science.E. It is the study of the basis of thought.II. Two Main Approaches to study the MindC. Information Processing Approach 1. (Traditional/older approach) since cognitive psychology emerged out of computer science, it borrowed the approach that computer scientists used These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.which states that you take the problem and break it down into simple processes or steps.2. It involves making a map or diagram to show each step or stage.D. Connectionism or PDP Approach 1. (Newer approach) arose because of the “limits” of the other approach.2. This is due to the fact that the other model fails to capture that some things happen at once and not in a series of separate steps.3. Focusses more on the brain as the basis of the mind.4. This model better reflects brain function since connectionism refers to the interconnection of the neurons.5. PDP stands for Parallel Distributed Processinga. Many things are happening at once.b. This is a Pandemonium which is parallel.III. Two Issues/ Questions that Need to be Answered for Information Processing ApproachC. Structure Question 1. Asks how many steps or stages do you need to solve your problem.2. This determines the structure of your model.D. Process Question 1. Asks what is the unique operation that will take place in each step or stage.2. There is a raw retention of sensory signal in the brain.IV. History of Cognitive PsychologyA. Everything Starts with Plato.1. The mind was the Appex (important to Plato).2. World of appearances VS world of Forms.a. Plato thought sensory information (what information we take in or stimuli) was unreliable and misleading.b. Things are not always what they seem.c. We need to contemplate things.3. Aristotle (Plato’s student) disagreed.a. He liked sensory information.4. Plato VS Aristotle.a. Mind VS perception.B. Official Birth of Cognitive Psychology: 19561. WWII was right before cognitive psychology.2. George Miller: magical number 7 (short term memory).3. MIT symposium: birth of AL.V. The Beginning of the Nativist/Empiricist Controversy A. Copernicus 1. Heliocentrism – The earth revolves around the sun.2. This shows how things are not always as they seem.3. On Plato’s side, mind is good and sensory is bad.4. Hobbs claims that Copernicus knew because of math.B. Descartes1. “I think, therefore I am.”2. “How do we know we exist?”a. If you can think that this is an allusion or not real, than you exist since youcan think.C. John Locke1. British empiricist.2. Mind as a blank slate – we must learn from experience.3. The mind is important, but without the external world (the sensory information) we would not have functioning minds and nothing to think about.4. Perception allows the mind to function.D. Wundt1. Psychology was born in his lab in 1879.2. He was a structuralist.3. Studied the structure of experience4. Presented a stimulus to a subject.a. They report objective elements about it (describing it as if they did not have preconceived knowledge about it.)b. Like describing a banana not knowing already what it was or what yellow was.5. Was an empiricist.E. John Watson1. 1900-19502. Said we can never truly objectively understand the mind.3. He said it cannot really be studied scientifically.4. Behaviorism.5. Behaviorism lacks cognitive psychology.VI. Chapter TWO: Cognitive NeuropsychologyI. Dualism – says matter (ex. our brains) follows the laws of physics and immaterial things (mind and soul) that do not follow the laws of physics:J. Materialism – we have no free will and are basically zombies doing what we are programmed to do:1. Most scientists have to adopt this because it is