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U-M BIOLOGY 171 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIO 171 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (January 7)What are three characteristics of a living organism? Nonliving?Living:1. Ability to reproduce 2. Made up of cells3. Contain DNANonliving:1. Cannot maintain homeostasis2. Made up of inorganic molecules 3. Do not contain DNAWhat are the three domains of life?1. Archaea2. Bacteria3. Eukaryotes What is the central dogma?DNAmRNAProteins Lecture 2 (January 9) What is a hypothesis? What does a good hypothesis do? Can a hypothesis be proven through experimentation? A hypothesis is a testable, possible explanation for a natural phenomenon used to make predictions and motivate experiments. A good hypothesis makes predications about observations not yet made or experiments not yet run, and sets up a test for these observations/predictions. A hypothesis can NEVER be proven. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?Hypotheses are testable, but predictions are notGive an example of how two things can be correlated but not cause by each other?The marriage rate during some length of time can follow the same pattern as the death rate during the same period, but that is not to say that marriage causes death.What is the difference between a test (experimental) group and a control group?A test group is the group in which one single variable is changed, allowing researchers to observe its effect. (They receive the treatment that is being studied). A control group does not receive the treatment that is being studied. Researchers use control groups to compare to the test group.What are the two different types of control group? How do they differ? The two types of control group are positive control groups and negative control groups. Negative control groups receive no change in the experiment, and therefore no result is expected. A positive control group receives a variable that has a known effect, to ensure the experiment is working properly. Lecture 3 (January 13)What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, so DNA flows freely within the cell. Eukaryotes have a nucleus that DNA is contained within.What are chromosomes made up of?Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which is made up of DNA that is packaged tightly and wound together What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid cell? What do humans have? When are each present during mitosis/meiosis? A haploid cell contains one complete set of chromosomes and a diploid cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes. Humans are diploid organisms. During mitosis, a diploid cell produces two identical diploid daughter cells. During meiosis I, a diploid cell produces two genetically different haploid daughter cells and during meiosis II, those daughter cells each produce two genetically different haploid cells. When does S Phase occur during the cell cycle? What happens during this time? S Phase occurs during interphase of the cell cycle. Interphase is the time that occurs in between two consecutive M Phases. S Phase is when DNA is synthesized, or replicated, producing two sister chromatids that are ready to undergo mitosis during M Phase. What is Cytokinesis? When does it occur?Cytokinesis is the separation of the cytoplasm of a cell. It occurs simultaneously with telophase during cell division that happens in M Phase. What happens during meiosis I and meiosis II? What is different about the chromosomal division during each? During meiosis I, a diploid cell produces two haploid cells. Genetic variation occurs during prophase I when crossing over occurs, during metaphase I when independent assortmentoccurs, and during anaphase I when segregation of alleles occurs. During meiosis II, two haploid cells produce four genetically different haploid cells. The steps that occur during meiosis II are the same as those that occur during mitosis. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase I. When anaphase I occurs, they are split down the middle causing the homologous pairs to separate to opposite sides of the cell. During meiosis II, instead of the homologs separating, the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate during anaphase II, just like they do during anaphase of mitosis. What is the difference between a germ cell, a gamete, and a zygote?A germ cell is a sex cell. Germ cells undergo meiosis to create gametes. Once gametes are fertilized during fertilization, they turn into zygotes (which turn into fetuses). What is the difference between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction? What are some benefits to both?Sexual reproduction is when two individuals combine their genetic information to produce genetically diverse offspring; asexual reproduction is when one parent produces genetically identical offspring (cloning). Some benefits to sexual reproduction are that it allows for genetic variation, and it allows for the possibility to remove bad mutations. Some benefits to asexual reproduction include a faster population increase than with sexual reproduction, and that it requires less energy. List the qualifications of complex multicellular organisms?Complex multicellular organisms must be able to participate in bulk transport, which is the means by which molecules move throughout the body at rates beyond those possible by diffusion. They must also have cells that stick together (cell adhesion), must have a network for cell communication, and their cells must participate in a network of genetic interactions.Lecture 4 (January 19)What do mutations introduce? Why is this important? Mutations introduce genetic variation, this is important because genetic variation allows speciesto evolve over time and adapt to their changing environments What is the difference between germ-line mutations and somatic mutations?Germ-line mutations happen in germ cells that divide through meiosis. These mutations can be passed on to offspring. Somatic mutations occur in somatic cells, which divide during mitosis. These mutations will only continue to exist in the parent as their cells divide, and cannot be passed on to offspring. What is a point mutation? What types of mutations are caused by a point mutation? A point mutation occurs when a single nucleotide of a sequence is changed. Point mutations include synonymous (silent) mutations, which change the sequence, but do not change the amino acid that it codes for. Point mutations also


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U-M BIOLOGY 171 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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