BIOL 1005 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Video: The Evolutionary Arms RaceOutline of Current Lecture I. Evolution – HowII. GenesIII. Evolution DefinitionIV. Natural SelectionV. Hardy Weinberg PrincipleVI. Conditions for Genetic EquilibriumVII. Five Major Causes of EvolutionVIII. MutationsIX. Genetic DrifX. Influence of Natural SelectionXI. Extinction XII. CausesXIII. Fossil RecordsXIV. Specialized Land AdaptionsXV. Intro to EnergyCurrent LectureI. Evolution – How - Evolution is a property of the population not the individual or entire species.o Just a group in a given areaII. Genes- Genes and the effects of the environment determine individual traits and characteristics- The gene pool is the sum of all the genes in one populationIII. Evolution Definition- Evolution is the change in genetic makeup or gene frequency in a population over generationso This is a specific type of change- Video: The Evolutionary Arms RaceIV. Natural Selection- Natural Selection acts on phenotype of individuals where evolution acts on genotype of populations.o Phenotype: how it looksThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Genotype: genetic makeupV. Hardy Weinberg Principle- Equilibrium population is a hypothetical case where evolution does not occurVI. Conditions for Genetic Equilibrium- This is for change not to happen:o No mutationo No immigration or emigration of genes between populations Immigration: individuals coming into a population Emigration: individuals leaving a populationo Large population Large populations cannot change as quickly; it takes a much longer time because there are so many more peopleo Completely Random Reproduction Each individual must have equal opportunity to reproduce “close your eyes and pick”o No natural selection- If any condition is not met, evolution will occurVII. 5 Major Causes of Evolution- Mutation o Ultimate source of genetic variability- Gene Flowo Spreads variability between populations o Adding or subtracting characteristics- Small populationo Causes sudden changes from lack of gene redundancyo Genetic Drif Occurs most ofen in small populations Genetic Drif is linked to Small Populations; associate the two words- Nonrandom matingo Choosing or competing for a mate- Natural Selectiono Genotypes are not equally adaptiveo Any characteristic that has an advantage will reproduceVIII. Mutations- Changes in DNA that happen at random- Not good or bad- Not in response to anythingIX. Genetic Drif- Tends to reduce genetic variability in a small populationo Bottleneck and Founder Effect Bottleneck: when a huge portion of a population is wiped out and the survivors change the population Founder Effect: when a small population migrates to a different location and that small population adapts and changes- Ex: a hurricane blows a small population of birds to a new island that previously did not have the birds and the birds adapt to the new island and create a new population- Tends to increase variation between populationsX. Influence of Natural Selection- This is very important and easily confused on testso Directional:favors one extreme but against the average and other extreme If a drought hits then the giraffes with taller necks will survive because they have access to more food o Stabilizing:favors the average but against both extremes If a neck is too long then the giraffe will not be agile enough to drink water, therefore limiting the length of the necko Disruptive:favors both extremes but against the average If a bird eats lizards then the smallest lizards will be able to hide the best and the largest lizards will be too big to eat, therefore the bird eats the average sized lizardsXI. Extinction- Extinction: the death of all members of a speciesXII. Causes- Localized distribution and overspecializationo If a species can only live in a certain area that species is more likely to become extinct- Biotic interactionso Competitiono Predationo Parasitism- HABITAT CHANGE AND DESTRUCTION!!!!XIII. Fossil Record- Given the best technology we have right now we can dateo First life estimated around 3.5 billion years agoo Age of the Earth estimated around 4.5 billion years- Carbon dating- Potassium dating- Single cells- unicellular- Multicellularo Have an advantage - Plant – Animalo Autotrophic – Heterotrophico Producer – Consumer- Water – Land XIV. Specialized Land Adaptations- Lung- Exoskeleton- Legs- Internal Fertilization- Viruso Molecule of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat (Stands of genetic material surrounded by protein coat)o Usually very specific- Viral Infections are very difficult to treato Specific virus attacks only a specific cell- Cold virus attacks respiratory membrane- Herpeso 1 strain attacks mucous membrane of mouth and lipo Another strain attacks genitals- Permanent residence in body- Viroido Virus without the proteino Causes diseaseo Plant disease: Avocado Sunblotch- Priono Just protein?o Replicate without DNA or genetic materialo Are they alive??XV. Intro to Energy- Energy Flowo Living organisms require energyo Nature of energy is govern by the Laws of Thermodynamics- Types of Energyo Kinetic: energy in movement or doing worko Potential: stored