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CU-Boulder MCDB 2150 - Crosses & Probability

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MCDB 2150 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture Meiosis & MitosisI. Define somatic & germline cells, list similarities & differencesII. Explain how germline mutations can be passed onto the next generation, whereas somatic mutations cannot.III. Describe, using diagrams, the sequence of events in meiosisIV. Distinguish between sister chromatids and homologous chromosomesOutline of Current Lecture Crosses & ProbabilityII. Explain why it is better to use true-breeding organisms in crossesIII. Predict progeny genotypic frequencies given the genotypes of the parental gametesIV. Calculate the probability that an individual in a pedigree has a particular genotype.V. Design genetic crosses to provide information about genes, alleles and gene functionsVI. Explain how independent assortment of alleles during meiosis can lead to new combinations of alleles of unlinked genesMENDEL’S EXPERIMENT- parental generation was true breedingo yellow YYo green yy- monohybrid cross – a mating between individuals that differ in only ONE trait- F1 – offspring of parental generation (filial 1)o All yellow!- F2 – 3 yellow for every 1 greenGene – a unit of heredity Allele – alternate forms of a single gene (dominant/recessive versions, etc.)Homozygous – two of the same alleles (YY or yy)Heterozygous – different alleles (Yy)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Alleles segregate during meiosis 2PUNNETT SQUARES!Derived from meiosisF1 crossY yY YY Yyy Yy yyRed letters represent possible gametes from each parentGenotype ratio: 1YY, 1Yy & 1yy (1:2:1)Phenotype ratio: 3 yellow, 1 green (3:1)FINDING PROBABILITY USING PRODUCT RULEProbability (P) of two (or more) independent events occurring togetherFormula:P of event 1 x P of event 2 x P of event 3 x ……..USING ADDITION RULEProbability of mutually exclusive events (OR)Formula:P of event 1 + P of event 2DIHYBRID CROSSESMating between individuals that differ in two traitsRound – RWrinkled – rYellow – YGreen – yYR Yr yR yrYR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRrYr YYRr YYrr YyRr YyrryR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRryr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrrRed still represents possible gametes from father on one side and mother on otherOnly one allele for each


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