HDFS 230 1st Edition Lecture 4Chapter 1 Methods- Theories of human developmento Developmental theory: framework that attempts to explain how and why people change Allows to predict behavior Identify problem behavior  Intervene to improve behavior o Theories have different approaches to development o Theories address the course of development How skills, behavior, knowledge change- Continuity: gradual change over timeo Ex. Physical stature growth - Discontinuity: abruptly changing o Ex. Rolling->crawling->walking->running  Stages: changes that characterize distinct periods of development - Theories address the determinants of developmento Nature: inborn, biological, hereditary influenceso Nurture: complex forces of physical and social environment  Not actually a case of either or- An interaction of biological and environmental influences - 4 types of developmental theorieso Psychoanalytico Learning o Cognitiveo Systems 1.) Psychoanalytico Unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavioro Freudo Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages 8 developmental stages with a challenging developmental crisis Built on Freud’s theory; but, he also described three adult stages 2.) Learning theoriesa. Behaviorism These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Focus on observable behaviorii. Describes processes by which behavior is learned iii. Conditioning: processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli-> learningb. Classical conditioning-Ian Pavlov i. Learn to associate neutral stimulus with meaningful stimulus-> same responsec. Operant conditioning- B.F. Skinneri. Learning process in which a particular action is followed by either somethingdesired (reinforcement) or something unwanted (punishment) d. Social learning theory-Bandurai. Influence other people have over a persons behavior ii. Observational learning e. Modeling-people learn by observing other people and then copying them3.) Cognitive theories a. Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect actionb. Changes in how people think over timec. Jean Piaget d. 4 stagesi. Sensorimotorii. Preoperationaliii. Concrete operationaliv. Formal operational4.) Systems theoriesa. Change in one part of a person, family, or society affects every aspect of developmentb. Ecological systems approach: Bronfenbrenneri. The person can only be understood within his/her context c. Five components of B’s systemi. Microsystem: immediate surroundingsii. Mesosystem: cross connectionsiii. Exosystem: local institutionsiv. Macrosystem: larger social settingv. Chronosystem: changes in person or environment over time. Research methods- Identify problem- Formulate hypothesis- Collect data- Analyze data/draw conclusions- Disseminate findings - Forms of data collectiono Self report: Diary  Interview Survey/questionnaireo Observation Naturalistic: natural settings Laboratory: controlled settingo Behavioral and performance measures Physiological: MRI, PET Skills: standardized tests - Experimental studieso Establish causal relationships among variableso Randomly assign individuals to groups Experimental and comparisonGive each group different treatmento IV: manipulatedo DV: outcomeo Often unethical or impossible - Correlational studies o Relate variables as they naturally occuro Can determine the strength and direction of relationship Positive if both variables increase or decrease Negative if one variable increases and one decreases o Correlation is not causation - Cross-sectional designo Tests different age groups at the same timeo Drawbacks: cohort effects; doesn’t test individual differences o Benefits: easy and quick- Longitudinal designo Tests same group of participants over time o Drawbacks: time consuming, expensive, drop out, practice effectso Benefits: individual