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ODU BIOL 109N - Major Molecules of Life

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BIOL 117 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is SCIENCE? A. Definition of scienceII. Scientific MethodIII. Steps of Scientific MethodIV. Scientific Method- How it works- Set-Up ExperimentV. Basic terminology Outline of Current Lecture V. 4 Major elements in the human body B. Macromolecules VI. Types of Macromolecules a.Carbohydratesb.Lipidsc.ProteinsCurrent Lecturei. There are 25 elements found in the body. 96% of your body is composed of 4 major elemens: Oxygen (65%) Carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%) and nitrogen (3%). ii. Macromolecules: a. Biological macromolecules are the giant molecules of life. There are long chains called polymers made of repeating united called monomers.b.When polymers are made, water is removed, and the reaction is called dehydration synthesis. Polymers are formed by dehydration synthesis, in which a water molecule is removed and two monomers are joined. Example: two monomers already bonded to one another so the third monomer is added through dehydration synthesis. c. Conversely, when the polymers are broken apart, water is added and the reaction is called hydrolysis. Hydrolysis plays a critical role in digestion. Example: when water is added to polymer it gets broken down by hydrolysis into two monomers iii. Four types of Macromolecules1. Carbohydrates = polymers, made of monosaccharides. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Monosaccharides are made of C, H, and O which generally have the same number of carbon atoms as the do H2O units. - Primarily fuel for organisms. The C-H bonds of carbohydrates store a great deal of energy and are easily broken by organisms- Form cell structure in all life form - Carbohydrates classified based on the size and composition: - Monosaccharides or simple sugars- Disaccharides or double sugars- Polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates. Chains of monosaccharides (as many as 10,000)- The simplest carbohydrates, include glucose, are monosaccharides or simple sugars. They contain from three to six carbon atoms. Example: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose- Glucose is the most important! Found naturally in fruits but most carbs that we eat are converted into glucose in the digestive system. Circulates in the blood –“blood sugar” at concentration of 0.1%. Glucose has 3 fates!- Fuel for cellular activity: muscle contraction or nerve activities. - Stored temporarily in liver and muscles as glycogen short-term energy storage- Converted to fat- long-term energy storage. - Complex carbohydrates Include more than 1 sugar (monosaccharide) unit: - Disaccharides: sucrose- table sugar and lactose- milk sugar - Polysaccharides: starch- primary energy storage in plants, glycogen – primaryenergy in animals, cellulose- structural material (makes plants cell walls) Not all carbohydrates are digestible: some serves as structural material: chitin- insects and crustaceans (offers protection for the lobsters), cellulose – the single most prevalent compound in earth (gives trees the rigidity to grow tall).2. Lipids have a variety of structures and functions. Lipids defined based on physical characteristics: - Don’t dissolve in water - Greasy to the touch- Significant source of energyThere are three types of lipids: - Fats serve as long-term energy storage and insulation - Sterols regulate growth and development - Phospholipids form the membrane that enclose cells.Fat molecules contain much more stored energy than carbohydrate molecules. Two distinct components are : “head”- Glycerol, “tail” –fatty acid, long hydrocarbon –tons of stored energy. Tryglycerides – 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol. - Solid form – fats- Liquid form – oilsFats are tasty molecules too plentiful in our diets. - 1g of carbohydrate stores= 4 calories - 1g of fat stores= 9 calories of energyAnimals evolved in an environment of an uncertain food supply- choose to consume molecule that hold most energy in a smallest mass- helped earliest humans to survive- killing us today 3. Proteins you cannot look at any living organism and not see proteins! Proteins are bodybuilding macromolecules.Protein Diversity: Proteins perform a variety of different functions. They all, however, are built the same way and form the same raw materials in organisms. - Structure: hair, fingernails, feathers, horns, tendons etc.- Protective: help fight invading microorganisms, coagulate blood- Regulatory: control cell activity, constitute some hormones- Contractile: allow muscles to contract, heart to pump, sperm to swim- Transport: carry molecules such as oxygen around your bodyAmino Acids are building blocks of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids strung together to make proteins. The resulting protein has a unique structure and chemical behavior. The side chain is the unique part of each of the 20 amino acids, varying in size, shape, and charge. The side chain determines an amino acid’s chemical properties. The “backbone” is the same in all amino acids. Proteins are en essential dietary components. Protein required for growth, repair and replacement of tissue. The amount of protein we need depends on the extent of the building projects underway at any given time. Most individuals need 40-80g (1.5 oz) per day. Pregnant or nursing women need much more. Human protein contain 20 different kinds of amino acids:- 11 amino acids can be made by the body- 9 must be supplied by the diet- essential amino acids. For this reason, we shouldn’t just speak of needing “x grams of protein per day”. We need to consume all of the essential amino acids every day!Protein Types - Complete – contain ample amount of all the essential amino acids. Most animal proteins. - Incomplete – low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Most plant proteins. - Complementary proteins – combinations of incomplete proteins from two or more plants sources that together supply ample amounts of all essential amino acids. Important in vegetarian/vegan


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