BCOR 103 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Cell Theory HistoryII. Cell Imaging and Microscopy III. Immunofluorescence IV. Confocal Scanning MicroscopyOutline of Current Lecture I. The Evolution of CellsII. Basic Physics and EnergyIII. Basic ChemistryIV. Organic Bio-moleculesCurrent LectureCell theory states that all life stems from preexisting life. If this theory is true then then there must have been a primordial cell that evolved into all the types of life that lives now. There are two laws in physics that apply to cell biology. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed only changed into different forms. The second law states the entropy of an isolated system does not decrease over time. There are two types of energy, kinetic and potential. The three types of kinetic energy are thermal (motion), radiant (photon movement), and electric (movement of charged particles). Potential energy is the energy that particles, chemicals, objects, or systems contain to do work (i.e. a bowling ball on a high shelf). There are three different chemical bonds: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. An ionic bond is one where electrons are transferred. Covalent bonds are one where electrons are shared between two atoms. A hydrogen bond is when the partial negative charge of the hydrogen atom is attracted to the slight positive charge of other polar molecules. There are four major molecules in biology, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and nucleotides, and amino acids and proteins. All carbohydrates have the general formula Cn(H20)n. Carbohydrates have two general forms: monosaccharides and disaccharides. Monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides are composed of two or These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.more monosaccharides. For example, two glucose molecule combined makes maltose. Complex carbohydrates make things like amylose or cellulose. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules. There are three major subtypes: phospholipids, sterols, and fatty acids. Phospholipids are triacylglycerols with two fatty acid head groups and one negatively charged phosphate. Sterols are comprised of hydrogens and carbons into a chain. Sterols often make up hormones. Fatty acids come in threes, making up triacylglycerols and they can be unsaturated or saturated. Unsaturated means that there could be more hydrogen atoms in the compound. Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nitrogenous bases come in two forms: purines and pyrimidines. Purines are adenine and guanine. Pyrimidines are uracil, thymine, and cytosine. Nucleotides form nucleic acids, which forms RNA and DNA. DNA transcribes amino acids. Amino acids come together to form
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