Effects of Tonicity on RBC s Hypertonic solution o Has a higher concentration of non permeating solutes o Crenate shrivels o 50M NaCL Solution H2O 5M NaCl RBC o Red in a hypertonic The RBC while shrivel Hypotonic solution o RBC swells o Has a lower concentration of non permeating solutes than intracellular fluid ICF Iyse burst o 5M NaCL 50 NaCl of RBC H2O Isotonic solution Normal saline o Nothing happens Processes of Membrane Transport o 3 processes that employ a transport protein or carrier 1 Facilitated diffusion passive Carreir Deidated Transport Help get through but no ATP Movement High to low Facilitated diffusion transport of solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient Does not consume ATP Mol ecue attaches to some site on the carrier o Carrier has to change it s shape to accommodate Roling down a hill 2 Primary active transport Transport of solute through a membrane against its concentration gradient o ATP energy consumed to change carrier Rolling up a hill o Examples of uses Sodium potassium pump Pumping potassium inside the cell and the sodium outside the cell 3 Secondary active transport Sodium glucose transporter Molecule takes advantage of the movement of another molecule at the expense of ATP Secondary benefit of the Primary active o Sodium being pumped out of the cell o o o o The glucose piggy backs a ride on the sodium being pumped into the cell of the cell Reducing the amount of sodium o Allows sodium back in o Glucose will come in through the secondary o Glucose will come in with the sodium that replaces the sodium pumped out Only happens if there s a sodium pump Characteristics of Carriers Specificity Transport proteins specific for a certain ligand molecule Saturation Transport maximum T m Can t carry more than it can carry Can carry under its limit but not over Carrier Mediated transport Uniport Tranasporter Transfer only one type of molecule Only one of those molecules at a time Symport Can carry two or more molecule at one time in one direction In or out not at the same time Antiport transporter countertransport Two or more molecule In opposite directions Sodium Port Vesicular transport all of them require ATP Processes that move large particles fluid droplets or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles Endocytosis vesicular processes that bring material into the cell 1 Phagocytosis cell eating o Eating up cells that have died o Solid o Plasma membrane will souround it 2 Pinocytosis cell drinking o Taking in a lipid o Or liquid that s on the outside of the cell that the cell wants on the inside o Taking in droplets of ECF 3 Receptor mediated endocytosis particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane o Clathirn coated vesicles Specialized o Endocytosis Receptors sitting on the membrane Membrane will vaginated Create pit Pinch off from membrane Eaten by the cells Exocytosis Secreting material o Vessicle will fuse with the plasma membrane o Opens up o Dumps out into the extracellular space Transport Without Carriers Movement of material without the aid of carrier proteins Filtration Movement of water and solutes through a selectively permeable membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure Simple diffusion Diffusion of particles through water or air or through a living or artificial membrane down their concentration gradient without the aid of membrane carriers Osmosis Net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane driven by either a difference in solute concentration or a mechanical force Carrier Mediated Transport Movement of material through a cell membrane with the aid of carrier proteins Facilitated diffusion Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane down their concentration gradient by a carrier that does not directly consume ATP Active transport Transport of particles through a selectively permeable membrane up their concentration gradient with the aid of a carrier that consumes ATP Primary active transport Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP using membrane pump Secondary active transport Transport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATP but depends on concentration gradients produced by primary active transport Cotransport Transport of two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction through a membrane by either facilitated diffusion or active transport Countertransport Transport of two or more different solutes in opposite directions through a membrane by either facilitated diffusion or active transport Uniport A carrier that transports only one solute using either facilitated diffusion or active transport Symport A carrier that performs cotransport Antiport A carrier that performs countertransport Vesicular Bulk Transport Movement of fluid and particles through a plasma membrane by way of membrane vesicles consumes ATP Endocytosis Vesicular transport of particles into a cell Phagocytosis Process of engulfing large particles by means of pseudopods cell eating Pinocytosis Process of imbibing extracellular fluid in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid Receptor mediated endocytosis Phagocytosis or pinocytosis in which specific solute particles bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and are then taken into the cell in clathrin coated vesicles with a minimal amount of extraneous matter Exocytosis Process of eliminating material from a cell by means of a vesicle approaching the cell surface fusing with the plasma membrane and expelling its contents used to release cell secretions replace worn out plasma membrane and replace membrane that has been internalized by endocytosis The cell interior o Organelles cytoskeleton and inclusions o o o o o o All embedded in a clear gelatinous cytosol Cytoskeleton Guides proteins in cell Inclusions Two kinds Stored cellular products o Glycogen granules pigments and fat droplets Foreign bodies o Viruses intracellular bacteria dust particles and other debris phagocytized by a cell Cytosol Intracellular fluid Cytoskeleton Collection of filaments and cylinders Composed of o Microfilaments o Intermediate fibers o Microtubules Guides the proteins Gives shape Organelles Internal structures carry out specialized metabolic tasks Membranous organelles Nonmembranous organelles The nucleus o Largest organelle 5 um in diameter o Most only have 1 nucleus o Some have many Skeletal tissues Megakaryocytes o Some have none RBC o Nuclear envelope Two unity membranes