Plural Adjectival and possessive Form of Medical Terms Exercise 1 2 and 3 are due Friday Importance of Precision Be precise in your terms Spell correctly Health care professions demand the same type of precision People s loves will be in your hands General orientation To Human body The Anatomical position frame of reference o Forearm is supinated palm facing anteriorly towards the viewer o Forearm is pronated palm is facing posteriorly o Superior Head above waist Same standing up as sitting down o Anterior towards the front o Posterior towards the back Directional Terms o Ventral or Anterior vs dorsal or posterior o Rostral past the nose vs caudal o Median towards middle vs lateral towards the side List of terms Table A 1 Directional Terms KNOW THEM Major Body Regions Axial Region o Head neck trunk The trunk is further divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic and abdominal regions Appendicular Region o Upper and lower limbs Abdominal Quadrants RUQ o RLQ o LUQ o LLQ o Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left upper Quadrant Left lower Quadrant Abdominal Quadrants Right L Hypochondriac region Right and L Lumbar region Right and L inguinal region Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric pubic region Anatomical Planes of the body Frontal Plane o Vertically sliced up and down From front anterior to back posterior Sagittal Plane o Front to back chest to back that can move left to right Midsagittal or median plane Divides the body or organ into equal halves Transverse horizontal plane o Divides body or organ into Superior upper and inferior lower porstions o CT scans are typically transverse sections Frontal or Coronal Sectin From front to back think layers of a x ray Ventral Toward the front or belly The aorta is ventral to the vertebral column Dorsal Toward the back or spine The vertebral column is dorsal to the aorta Anterior Toward the ventral side The sternum is anterior to the heart Posterior Toward the dorsal side The esophagus is posterior to the trachea Cephalic Toward the head or superior end The cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain Rostral Toward the forehead or nose The forebrain is rostral to the brainstem Caudal Toward the tail or inferior end The spinal cord is caudal to the brain Superior Above The heart is superior to the diaphragm Inferior Below The liver is inferior to the diaphragm Medial Toward the median plane The heart is medial to the lungs Lateral Away from the median plane The eyes are lateral to the nose Proximal Closer to the point of attachment or origin The elbow is proximal to the wrist Distal Farther from the point of attachment or origin The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers Ipsilateral On the same side of the body The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix Contralatera l On opposite sides of the body The spleen is contralateral to the liver Superficial Closer to the body surface The skin is superficial to the muscles Deep Farther from the body surface The bones are deep to the muscles Body Cavities Cranial cavity Brian Meninges lining Vertebral canal o Spinal cord Meninges lining Thoracic cavity o Pleural cavities lungs Pleurae lining o Pericardial cavity heart Pericardium lining Abdominopelvic cavity o Abdominal cavity Digestive organs spleen kidneys Peritoneum o Pelvic Cavity Bladder rectum reproductive organs Peritoneum Eleven organ systems We only cover 4 o Skin Integumentary system o Bones Skeletal System o Muscles Muscular system o Nerves Nervous system Chapter 2 Chemistry of life Outline Chemistry of life Chemical elements Electrolytes Water properties our bodies are made up of up to 60 80 of water pH helps maintain homeostasis Four groups of carbon compounds The Chemical Elemetns Elelmetn The simplest form ofmatter to have unique chemical properties Atomic number of an elemt Periodic table 118 known elements o 24 elemtens have bilogical roel 6 elements 98 5 of our body weight Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus o Minerals Inorganic elements Ca P Cl Mg K Na Fe Zn S Constitute aobut 4 or body wight o Bones Electrolytes Substances that ionize in water acids bases or salts and form solutions capable of conducting electriciy Electrolytes the lasts of these minerals In chemistry and electrolyte is any substnave contatining free itons that make the substnaceelectrically conductive Electrolytes in Physiology Muscles and neurons are activated by electrolyte activity Serious electrolyte distubances such as dehaydratino and overhydration may lead to cardiaand neurological complicatinos Isotope variant of chemical element Radioisotopes Unstable Isotopes Radioactivity the process of decay Higher energy radiation ejects electrons from atoms converting atoms to ions Destroys molecules and produces dangerous free radicals and ions in human tissue o Sources includes UV light x rays Nuclear decay alpha beta gamma Radiating and Madame Curie First woman to receive Nobel Prize 1903 First woman in the world to receive PHD Died from radioactivity Physical vs Biological Half Life Physical Half Life of radioisotopes o Time needed for 50 to decay into a stable state 5mCu H 3 2 5 mCU o 12 years Biological half life of radioisotopes o The length of time required for 1 2 of a radioactive substance to be eliminated fromthe body o Tritium 3H has a fairly long physical half life but clears from the the body quicliy